黄土高原先秦时期窑洞式建筑研究  

RESEARCH ON YAODONG-STYLE ARCHITECTURE IN THE LOESS PLATEAU DURING THE PRE-QIN PERIOD

作　　者：王天艺 杨凡 Wang Tianyi;Yang Fan

机构地区：[1]四川大学考古文博学院,成都610064 [2]国家文物局考古研究中心,北京100013

出　　处：《考古学报》2024年第2期143-170,共28页Acta Archaeologica Sinica

基　　金：陕西省社会科学基金项目“黄土高原史前窑洞建筑遗存综合研究”(项目编号:2022G003)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：目次一形制分类二时空分布特征三建筑技术体系四起源和衰落原因五结语黄土高原地区发现了大量先秦时期的窑洞式建筑遗存,其分布范围遍布整个黄土高原,是该地区的主要房屋建筑类型之一。由于考古发现的窑洞建筑遗存结构较为特殊,二十世纪九十年代之前对此类遗存的形制结构和埋藏特征缺乏认识,导致一定数量的窑洞式建筑被误判为半地穴建筑[1]。Yaodong-style architecture refers to a type of housing construction that takes advantage of loess's features by excavating horizontally to create living spaces,also known as cave dwellings.This type of architecture first appeared during the late Yangshao period in the Loess Plateau and became widely popular during the Longshan period.It gradually declined during the Shang and Zhou periods,serving as one of the main architectural forms in the Loess Plateau during the pre-Qin period.Research shows that the evolution of yaodong-style architecture is mainly characterized by diachronic changes in floor plan designs and the coexistence of multiple construction structures.These reflect the improvement and selection mechanisms of building technology,and the technological system of yaodong-style architecture is formed around these two mechanisms.The deterioration of the natural environment and vegetation destruction in the Loess Plateau during the late Yangshao period,leading to a shortage of timber resources,was the primary objective reason for the emergence of yaodong-style architecture.The long-term use of facilities such as bag-shaped cellars,pottery kilns,and wall niches provided an essential technical foundation.The decline of yaodong-style architecture during the pre-Qin period exhibits significant regional characteristics,with a series of cultural changes triggered by climate deterioration being the primary reason for the disappearance of yaodong-style architecture in central and southern Mongolia,the Shanxi-Shaanxi Plateau,and the Gansu-Qinghai region.The decline in the Guanzhong area and southern Shanxi area was due to the impact of the political power of the Central Plains dynasties.

关 键 词：建筑遗存 窑洞式建筑 衰落原因 形制结构 房屋建筑 黄土高原 埋藏特征 先秦时期 

分 类 号：K87[历史地理—考古学及博物馆学]