汉语并列式四字格的历史来源、性质与特征  

The origin and features of coordinating tetrasyllablic words

作　　者：裴泓镔 PEI Hongbin

机构地区：[1]北京大学中国语言文学系,北京

出　　处：《中国语文》2024年第3期341-354,384,共15页Studies of the Chinese Language

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“汉语词法特点的探究与词法理论的构建”(22JJD740001)的资助。

摘　　要：四字格是汉语乃至整个汉藏语系中一种独特的词法模式,其中并列式四字格在汉语中最为典型且最为发达。本文选取“动宾+动宾”式以及“定中+定中”式两种最为典型的并列式四字格为代表,从历时的角度探讨了汉语并列式四字格的来源、性质与特征。上古汉语中并列式四字短语类型丰富,作为句法结构而存在;魏晋隋唐出现了并列式四字习语,语义凝固但形式上存在变异;作为词法模式存在的四字格形成较晚,在明清以至现代汉语才逐步形成。汉语的并列式四字格从性质上看属于评价性形态,具有较强的主观性。Tetrasyllabic words represent a particular morphological pattern in Chinese and even in Sino-Tibetan languages in general.In Chinese,coordinating tetrasyllabic words are particularly typical and highly productive.This paper focuses on the"verb-object+verb-object"and"attribute-head+attribute-head"forms of tetrasyllabic words and discusses their origin and features from a diachronic perspective.In Archaic Chinese,there existed various types of coordinating tetrasyllabic phrases.In literature produced from the Wei and Jin dynasties to the Sui and Tang dynasties,coordinating tetrasyllabic idioms started to occur and were relatively fixed in meaning but flexible in form.It was during the Ming and Qing dynasties that coordinating tetrasyllabic words began to be used as a lexical unit.In nature,coordinating tetrasyllabic words are evaluative with a strong subjective feature.

关 键 词：并列式四字格 习语 词法模式 评价性形态 

分 类 号：H14[语言文字—汉语]