康德自由与自然因果性的相容论论证  

Kant's Argument for the Compatibility of Freedom and Natural Causality

作　　者：胡好 Hu Hao

机构地区：[1]湖南师范大学中华伦理文明研究中心、湖南师范大学哲学系

出　　处：《哲学动态》2024年第4期58-69,128,共13页Philosophical Trends

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“康德的本体论证明批判及其思想效应研究”(编号21BZX090);甘肃省教育厅青年博士基金项目“知识论与科学奠基关系研究”(编号2021QB-011)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在康德哲学中,自由与自然因果性的相容论面临两难:如果自然因果性成立,自由怎么办;如果自由得以可能,自然因果性又怎么办。前一方面的重点是积极自由的可能性论证。既然知性世界和感官世界截然二分,那么无时间的理知原因是否可能产生时间中的自然结果?这即是异质性难题。对于解决该难题,相较于以往的取消论和转化论,例示说更具优势,它是指,我们能够设想命令这一例子来体现积极自由,由此证成它的可能性。至于后一方面,很少有人注意到,一旦自由得到拯救,它会反过来威胁自然因果性的连续性和必然性。其中,连续性问题可以通过回溯出与理性因果性一致的自然原因来解决,必然性问题则可以通过自由任意选择不同的自然因果序列来解决。由此,康德相容论面临的两难问题能够得到妥善解决。Kant's compatibilism between freedom and natural causality presents a dilemma:what becomes of freedom if natural causality holds,and conversely,what happens to natural causality if freedom is acknowledged?Based on this dilemma,the paper reconstructs the compatibilist argument into two steps:the first argues for the possibility of freedom,rescuing it under the premise of acknowledging natural causality,while the second step removes the threat to natural causality,ensuring it remains undisturbed after rescuing freedom.These steps are both complementary and indispensable.Freedom encompasses both negative and positive aspects,with the latter facing a challenging heterogeneity problem in its possibility argument:can atemporal intelligible causes lead to natural results in time?This issue has already been addressed by many researchers,often in terms of theories of cancellation and transformation.In contrast,I propose the theory of exemplification to better justify the possibility of positive freedom.Its core assertion is that we can conceive imperatives to exemplify positive freedom.Imperatives,as oughts,are atemporal and not determined by natural causes;as well,they can give rise to action in time and effectively illustrate how atemporal causes lead to temporal results.However,many researchers stop at this point,thinking they have achieved their goal by saving freedom,yet fail to recognize that freedom,upon taking its rightful place,in turn threatens natural causality.This raises difficult problems of continuity and necessity.The problem of continuity is:how can the chain of natural causality remain unbroken when freedom clearly interrupts it?For his part,Kant employs a regressive explanation,asserting that the interrupted causal chain can be made continuous through regression.The specific result arises either from a hidden cause or from a common cause.Both cases achieve continuity through regression,with the former tracing back to another cause,while the latter loops back to the same cause.The problem of necessity co

关 键 词：决定论 异质性 连续性 必然性 

分 类 号：B516.31[哲学宗教—外国哲学]