“一个序曲”与“两个阶段”:智慧心理学近50年研究历程的写照  

"One Prelude"and"Two Movements":A Portrayal of the Research Process of Wisdom Psychology in the Past 50 Years

作　　者：张凯丽 郑红 汪凤炎[1,2] Zhang Kaili;Zheng Hong;Wang Fengyan

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学道德教育研究所,南京210097 [2]南京师范大学心理学院,南京210097

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（心理学）》2023年第10期3-18,共16页

摘　　要：为了更好地继往开来,首次将智慧心理学近50年的研究历史分为“一个序曲”和“两个阶段”。其中,Clayton用实证法研究智慧心理的序曲,开始时间至迟不晚于1976年,夏然而止于1982年,其特点是“昙花一现”。智慧心理学研究的第一阶段,时间始自20世纪80年代早期,延续至21世纪初,其特点是“柏林智慧模式一花独秀,新皮亚杰主义智慧观和智慧的平衡理论作为两片绿叶相衬托”。智慧心理学研究的第二阶段,时间始自2004年,延续至现在,其特点是“百花齐放”,它主要体现在两方面:一是智慧被视为比知识更重要的东西,出现了更多不同的智慧理论和测量智慧工具;二是兴起了多个研究热点,进一步拓宽了智慧心理学的研究领域。回顾智慧心理学近50年的研究历程,可以得到两个结论:一是,近50年来,对智慧心理学的研究经历了一个从自发到自觉、从分散到有组织、从零星探讨到系统研究的发展过程;二是,研究对象从智慧者的特征到智慧特征,再到智慧者的特征,再到结合智慧者的特征和智慧特征来研究智慧,经历了一个螺旋上升的过程。展望未来,宜在两个方面推进智慧心理学的研究:一是,须尽快开发研究智慧的成熟实验范式,并揭示智慧的脑机制;二是,须积极开展智慧的应用研究。The research history of wisdom psychology in the past 50 years is comprehensively reviewed,criti-cally drawing on the work of Sternberg and Gluck.The symphony of the development of wisdom psychology con-sists of"one prelude"and"two movements".Specifically,"one prelude"refers to Vivian Clayton's wisdom re-search,which started no later than 1976 and ended abruptly in 1982,when Clayton left academia.Clayton elevat-ed the concept of wisdom to scientific status for the first time,paving the way for empirical research on wisdom psychology.The"two movements"are"one flower blooming with two buds"and"all flowers bloom together".The first stage of wisdom psychology,begun in the early 1980s,was characterized by the leading position of the Berlin wisdom model,which shed light on an expert knowledge system dealing with the fundamental pragmatics of life,as well as neo-Piagetian theory and the balance theory of wisdom by Robert J.Sternberg.The second stage of wisdom psychology began with Monika Ardelt's critical review of the Berlin group's definition,operationaliza-tion,and particular measurement of wisdom in 2004 and has continued to this day.In reviewing the research histo-ry of wisdom psychology over the past half-century,two conclusions can be drawn.First,the study of wisdom psychology has evolved from spontaneity to consciousness,from dispersion to organization,and from sporadic dis-cussion to systematic research.Second,the research object of wisdom has gone through an alternate spiral change process that from characteristics of the wise person to characteristics of wisdom per se,and back to characteristics of the wise person,until finally,integration of the two.Furthermore,future research on wisdom psychology should be promoted in two areas.One aspect is to develop a maturely experimental paradigm for studying wisdom directly and revealing its brain mechanism.The other is to pay more attention to the study of applying wisdom to real-life situations.

关 键 词：内隐三维智慧观 柏林智慧模式 新皮亚杰主义智慧观 智慧的平衡理论 外显三维智慧模型 

分 类 号：B84-0[哲学宗教—基础心理学]