《论语》“因不失其亲,亦可宗也”新释论——兼论“有子似孔子”的儒学史意义  

A New Interpretation of the Last Sentence of Chapter XIII of“Xue Er”in The Analects:With a Discussion of the Significance of“Youzi Resembling Confucius”in the History of Confucianism

作　　者：吴柱 Wu Zhu

机构地区：[1]山东大学文学院,山东济南250100

出　　处：《文史哲》2024年第3期82-94,166,共14页Literature,History,and Philosophy

摘　　要：《论语》“因不失其亲,亦可宗也”一句的阐释史可梳理成汉儒训“因”为“亲”、唐儒训“因”为“承”、宋儒训“因”为“依”、清儒训“因”为“姻”四条脉络。《孔子家语》和《说苑》中孔子关于忠、信、恭三德的论述,与《论语》本章有子的言论在语言表述和思想内涵上都非常接近,其中“亲交取亲,其忠也”与“因不失其亲,亦可宗也”可以互释互证。同时,《孔子家语》和《礼记》中孔子关于“亲友”关系的论述“亲者不失其为亲,故者不失其为故”也可以与《论语》“因不失其亲”相映证。儒学史上素有“有子之言似孔子”的典故,使得《论语》此章有子的言论与《家语》《说苑》《礼记》中孔子的言论建立起更加紧密的内在联系。在先秦两汉的叙说中,有若的形象从言论道德似孔子转变为形体相貌似孔子,这可能牵涉到孔门弟子的内部分歧,是儒家后学出于门户之见对有子的贬低和抹杀。总之,“因不失其亲,亦可宗也”的本义应该是指向亲友关系,意思是:亲友间的亲密关系能够维持好,也是值得宗敬的,因为这是忠德的表现。The first character yin in the last sentence of chapter XIII of“Xue Er”in The Analects,i.e.the sentence“when the parties upon whom a man leans are proper persons to be intimate with,he can make them guides and masters”in Legges translation,was interpreted as“intimate”by Han Confucianists,as“inherit”by Tang Confucianists,as“depend”by Song Confucianists,and as“relation by marriage”by Qing Confucianists.In this chapter,Youzi showed similar thought with Confuciusdiscourses on ideas of loyalty,faithfulness,and respect recorded in the Sayings of the Confucian Family and Garden of Anecdotes.For example,“those who are close in blood or affection should not lose their status as relatives and friends”and“maintaining a close relationship between relatives and friends”can be interpreted and proved mutually.Meanwhile,Confuciusdiscourses on relatives and friends in the Sayings of the Confucian Family and the Book of Rites can be interactive proof with the above sentence in The Analects.In the history of Confucianism,there is a saying that Youzi's words are similar to Confucius,making the speeches of Youzi in this chapter establish a closer connection with Confucius.Youzi's image had changed from being morally similar to Confucius to appearance similarity in the narratives of the pre-Qin and Han dynasties,which might be the deprecation of Youzi by later Confucian scholars out of sectarian bias involving internal conflict among Confucian disciples.In brief,the sentence should originally refer to kinship,meaning that one is worthy of respect if he can maintain close relationship with his relatives and friends,because it is also a manifestation of loyalty.Throughout the academic history,only Kong Anguo in the Han dynasty got the correct interpretation.

关 键 词：《论语》 《孔子家语》 《说苑》 《礼记》 有若 

分 类 号：B222.1[哲学宗教—中国哲学] I206.2[文学—中国文学]