集中营的囚犯人格和专制极权的臣民人格  

Individual Personality of Concentration Camp Prisoners and Authoritarian State Subjects

作　　者：徐贲 XU Ben(Department of English,Saint Mary′s College of California,Moraga 94575,USA)

机构地区：[1]加州圣玛利学院英语系,美国莫拉加94575

出　　处：《广州大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第3期57-68,共12页Journal of Guangzhou University:Social Science Edition

摘　　要：贝特尔海姆和弗兰克是两位亲身经历过纳粹集中营的幸存者心理学家,他们分别留下了关于集中营囚犯心理的见证著作:《知情的心》和《活出意义来》。可以通过讨论这两部著作来探讨集中营对囚犯的非人格化摧残及其严重后果:受害者失去了尊严感和自主意识。贝特尔海姆和弗兰克都认为,自由、意志自主和尊严等术语或多或少是同义词。没有任何权力可以剥夺个人行为的最终选择,也不能剥夺一个人的自由。正是这种自由定义了每个人的人性。任何对人的绝对限制,即使是在集中营或极权国家里,最终都不可能彻底有效地消除人性。但是贝特尔海姆和弗兰克对集中营中的人性有不同的观察和分析角度,形成了他们在理解人在极端环境下的个体意识、生存意义和抵抗可能等方面的差异。我们需要把他们放在一起,以更好地获得关于非人化人格的完整理解。Bruno Bettelheim and Viktor Frankl,two survivor psychologists who experienced the Nazi concentration camps firsthand,left behind testimonial writings on the psychology of concentration camp inmates,The Informed Heart and Man′s Search for Meaning,respectively.This paper discusses these two works and considers the depersonalization of prisoners and its grave consequences:the loss of a sense of dignity and autonomy for the victims.Both Bettelheim and Frank argue that the terms freedom,autonomy of will and dignity are more or less synonymous.No power can completely deprive an individual of the ultimate choice of behavior,nor can it deprive a person of his ultimate freedom.It is this freedom that defines the humanity of each individual.No absolute restriction on human beings,even in concentration camps or totalitarian states,can completely eliminate human nature.But Bettelheim and Frank have different perspectives on observing and analyzing human nature in concentration camps,which shapes their differences in understanding human consciousness,the meaning of existence,and the possibilities of resistance in extreme circumstances.We need to put them together to better gain a complete understanding of the dehumanized personality.

关 键 词：集中营 囚犯心理 臣民心理 非人化 幸存者 

分 类 号：B844[哲学宗教—发展与教育心理学]