侵权法生态化限度的判断模型及其应用--以《民法典》为重点  

The Judgment Model of the Limit of Ecologicalization of Tort Law and Its Application:Focusing on the Chinese Civil Code

作　　者：胡静[1] 董宜君 HU Jing;DONG Yijun(The Civil,Commercial and Economic Law School(CCELS),China University of Political Science and Law(CUPL),Beijing 100088,China)

机构地区：[1]中国政法大学民商经济法学院,北京100088

出　　处：《吉首大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第2期104-117,129,共15页Journal of Jishou University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：司法部法治建设与法学理论研究部级科研项目(21SFB3028)。

摘　　要：侵权法生态化顺应时代需要有其必要性,但应适当限制。对实在法生态化的限度判断可以采用功能和程度的二元模型。实在法经功能判断为保护公益的,可以认为超越了生态化限度,因为作为私法的侵权法的功能是保护个人利益;实在法经功能判断为保护个人利益的,则进入程度判断。根据该二元判断模型对《民法典》等规定的归责原则、因果关系、责任承担和免责事由进行立法评价的结论是生态化总体超过限度。应当以司法解释的形式,根据环境侵权可分为间接模式和直接模式的逻辑,结合利益性质,对现有规则进行矫正:摒弃无过错责任原则的一元论,对直接模式适用过错责任,对间接模式中财产权受损的受害人适用过错推定原则;不应对直接模式的环境侵权适用因果关系推定,在健康权或生命权受损时适当降低证明标准;在责任承担上,对惩罚性赔偿的规则进行严格解释;对于免责事由,在受害人过错中增加重大过失免责等规定,免去第三人完全致害时行为人的中间责任。The ecologicalization of tort law is necessary to meet the needs of the times,but it should be properly restricted.The binary model of function and degree can be used to judge the limit of the ecologicalization of positive law.If the function of positive law is judged to protect public welfare,it can be considered to exceed the ecological limit,because the function of tort law as private law is to protect personal interests;if it is to protect personal interests,it will be decided whether this law satisfies the ask of degree then.According to the binary judgment model,the legislative evaluation of the imputation principle,causality,liability and exemption reasons stipulated in the Civil Code is that the overall ecologicalization exceeds the limit.Considering the nature of interests and the logic that environmental torts can be divided into indirect and direct modes,the existing rules should be improved correctly by means of judicial interpretation.Firstly,the principle of fault liability should be applied to the direct environmental torts and the indirect environmental torts are subject to the principle of presumption of fault when the property rights are damaged.Secondly,the presumption of causality shall not be applied to the direct environmental infringement,and when the right to health or the right to life is impaired,the requirements for certification standards shall be reduced appropriately.Thirdly,the rules of the punitive damage should be explained strictly.Finally,the provisions on the exemption of liability of gross negligence and others shall be added to the victim's fault rules,and the tortfeasor should be exempted from the middle liability when the third party causes the harm completely.

关 键 词：侵权法生态化限度 判断模型 环境侵权 利益衡量 

分 类 号：D923[政治法律—民商法学] D922.68[政治法律—法学]