论藏传佛教中国化进程中的中央王朝因素——以元明清三代为例  

Factors of the Central Government in Developing Tibetan Buddhism in the Chinese Context——A Case Study of the Yuan,Ming,and Qing Dynasties

作　　者：班玛更珠 Pad-ma Kun-grol

机构地区：[1]中国藏学研究中心历史研究所,北京100101

出　　处：《中国藏学》2024年第1期22-31,209,210,共12页China Tibetology

基　　金：中国藏学研究中心重点课题“西藏地方融入中华民族共同体历史进程研究”(编号:CTRC20233JZ02)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：佛教自公元7世纪传入西藏就开始了本土化历程,从吐蕃时期王室主导推动到分裂割据时期自主以教派形式走向民间,佛教在西藏最初阶段的曲折发展过程中也探索出了实现中国化的主要方向、基本路径、转化标准和推动方式。元代以来,西藏地方正式纳入中央王朝的行政管辖,这一历史新阶段的开启也宣告藏传佛教中国化进程中出现了中央王朝这个最强有力的推动者和引导者。元明清三代,中央王朝均制定实施了相应的藏传佛教管理制度,在三代中央王朝的引导和推动下,这一时期藏传佛教不但积极、主动地尊奉中央王朝、亲近内地文化,而且在教派传承、教义教理、管理制度、文化交流、学经教育、寺庙经济等方面都有了不断适应本土特性的创新和发展。与此同时,在历代中央王朝的庇荫下,藏传佛教加快对外传播,不再局限于涉藏地区、藏语、藏文和藏族,从而成为根植中华大地、多民族共享的文化,实现了藏传佛教更进一步的本土化。Since Buddhism was introduced to Xizang in the 7th century A.D.,it has undergone a process of localization,evolving from royal influence during the Tubo period to autonomous development in the fragmented era,transitioning into folk practices in the form of sects.In the complex early stages of Tibetan Buddhism,the major directions,fundamental paths,transformation criteria,and driving forces for localization were explored.Since the Yuan Dynasty,Xizang has been formally incorporated into the administrative jurisdiction of the central government,marking the central government as the most influential promoter and guide in the process of developing Tibetan Buddhism in the Chinese context.During the Yuan,Ming,and Qing Dynasties,corresponding management systems for Tibetan Buddhism were formulated and implemented by the central governments.Guided and propelled by these dynasties,Tibetan Buddhism in this period actively revered the central government,embraced mainland culture,and innovated and developed in aspects such as sectarian inheritance,doctrinal principles,management systems,cultural exchange,academic education,and temple economics,continually adapting to local characteristics.Simultaneously,under the patronage of successive central governments,Tibetan Buddhism accelerated its external dissemination,transcending geographical,linguistic,scriptural,and ethnic boundaries,becoming a cultural tradition deeply rooted in the vast expanse of China,shared by multiple ethnic groups,and achieving further localization.

关 键 词：宗教中国化 藏传佛教 元明清 政教合一 活佛转世 

分 类 号：B946.6[哲学宗教—宗教学]