重新认识“经验法则”——以刑事诉讼为视角  

A New Understanding of Experience Generalization from the Perspective of Criminal Procedure

作　　者：纵博[1] 

机构地区：[1]安徽财经大学法学院

出　　处：《当代法学》2024年第3期97-109,共13页Contemporary Law Review

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“中国特色刑事证据理论体系研究”(18ZDA139)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：经验法则虽名曰“法则”,但并非一种具有约束力的“规则”,而仅是通过对人类生活经验进行归纳获得的盖然性大小不同的“命题”,在证据判断中可作为大前提而运用。经验法则的认定、选择、运用具有主观性,是自由心证的一部分,所以经验法则自身不可能实现对自由心证的制约,要求证据判断应“遵循经验法则”在逻辑上难以成立,相反,经验法则的运用过程才是需要进行规范的对象。经验法则的运用不得违背证据裁判原则,不会导致证明标准实质性的降低,也不会改变证明责任分配。我国司法实践中经验法则的运用存在模糊化、随意化、单向化、修辞化等问题,潜藏着错误认定事实的风险,因此对于经验法则的运用应进行必要的规范。国内外学者提出以概率、类型化、证明、法律规则等方法规范经验法则的运用,从规范效果的直接性和可预期性来看,以法律规则对经验法则的发现、选择、运用进行规范是相对可靠和可行的途径。According to the perspective of origin and inherent characteristics,experience generalization are not binding"rules"but"propositions"of human life experience got from induction,which can be utilized as a major premise in judgment of evidences.The identification,selection and utilization of experience generalization are subjective and part of free evaluation of evidences.Moreover,there is no consensus rule of experience generalization in society,and the probability of experience generalization varies greatly.Therefore,it is impossible for the experience generalization to restrict the free evaluation of evidences by itself,and the requirement that evidence judgment should comply with experience generalization is logically untenable.On the contrary,the utilization of experience generalization needs to be regulated.The use of experience generalization must not violate the principle of judgment of evidences,which means it should not be utilized breaking away from evidences,and should not overturn facts that have already been proven by evidences.In addition,some special experience generalization themselves should be proven.The utilization of experience generalization is a means that judges must use to determine facts,so it will not lead to substantive reduction of the standard of proof,nor will it change the burden of proof.There are some problems in the utilization of experience generalization in our judicial practice,such as fuzzification,arbitrariness,one-way,rhetoric and so on.Compared to other countries,we lack effective regulations and carries more risk of misjudgement.Therefore,it is necessary to regulate the utilization of experience generalization.Scholars home and abroad have proposed to regulate the utilization of experience generalization by means of probability,typification,proof and legal rules.However,the probability and typification methods are not feasible,and the method of proof is faced with some difficult problems.From the perspective of the directness and regulatory effects,regulating the identific

关 键 词：经验法则 盖然性命题 自由心证 证据裁判 

分 类 号：D925.2[政治法律—诉讼法学]