女娲意象与女娲信仰的演变  

The Image of Nuwa and the Evolution of Nuwa Belief

作　　者：刘景纯 Liu Jingchun(Northwest Institute of Historical Environment and Economic and Social Development,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi'an,Shaanxi,710062)

机构地区：[1]陕西师范大学西北历史环境与经济社会发展研究院,陕西西安710062

出　　处：《地方文化研究》2024年第2期1-10,共10页Local Culture Research

摘　　要：文献最早记载女娲故事是在战国时期,当时人意象中的女娲,是一个造人的人或神,冀州和《山海经》的"大荒西"地带以及楚地存在女娲及其造人的观念。随着两汉时期女娲造人方式、女圣帝的身份明确化,女娲功德也由造人者发展为"化育万物者",造人故事变得具体化。《魏书》最早记载有女娲墓,唐宋时期,女娲墓及其相关遗迹在空间上有所增长。女娲崇拜起源于西汉,唐宋时期被列入祀典,宋代确立了官祭,地点在今山西赵城镇侯村。明清时期,御祭和遣官致祭经常化。官方祭祀与民间崇拜的侧重点各不相同,前者是"崇德报功",重在纪念;后者是祈求子嗣,重在功用。女娲崇拜后来有官方和民间的分化,社会崇拜的风气日益浓重。The earliest records of the story of Nuwa can be traced back to the Warring States period when Nuwa was depicted as either a human or a deity who created humans.The concept of Nuwa and her creation of humans existed in the Jizhou region,the"Great Wilderness"in the western region in the Classic of Mountains and Seas(Shan Hai Jing),as well as in the Chu region.During the Han Dynasty,the method of Nuwa's creation of humans and his identity of the female sage emperor were clarified,and Nuwa's merits evolved from being the creator of humans to the"nurturer of all things",with the story of her creating humans becoming more specific.The earliest record of Nuwa's tomb can be found in the Book of Wei(Wei Shu).During the Tang and Song dynasties,the area containing Nuwa's tomb and its related relics expanded.The worship of Nuwa originated during the Western Han Dynasty and was included in sacrificial ceremonies during the Tang and Song dynasties.In the Song Dynasty,the official sacrificial site was established in Houcun Village,Zhaocheng Town,Shanxi Province,and during the Ming and Qing dynasties,imperial sacrifices and official missions to offer sacrifices became regular.The focus of official worship is different from that of folk worship;the former is to worship virtue and repay merit,focusing on commemoration,while the latter to pray for offspring,with emphasis on function.Over time,there was a divergence between official and folk worship of Nuwa,and the social atmosphere of worship became increasingly prevalent.

关 键 词：女娲意象 女娲信仰 官方祭祀 民间崇拜 

分 类 号：G122[文化科学]