上古汉语祖先义“先”字同位结构的语体类型考察  

A Stylistic Study of the Apposition Structure of Ancestor Meaning“xian(先)”in Ancient Chinese

作　　者：张雨涛 丁治民 ZHANG Yutao;DING Zhimin

机构地区：[1]上海大学文学院

出　　处：《西南交通大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第3期112-125,共14页Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“东亚汉字文化圈《切韵》文献集成与研究”(19ZDA316);国家社科基金“冷门绝学”与国别史研究专项项目“敦煌本王韵与唐宋诸本韵书比较研究”(19VJX126)。

摘　　要：古汉语文献中常见同位结构,但不同典籍中同一语义的同位结构在外在形式上往往差别很大。以上古汉语中常用的祖先义“先”字为例,对《尚书》《殷周金文集成》《左传》《国语》和《史记》中的祖先义“先”字结构的分布情况进行全面考察,发现《尚书》和《殷周金文集成》罕见使用“先”类同位结构,而《左传》《国语》和《史记》中的“先”类同位结构使用频率较高,且《史记》中“先”类的同位组合形式更多样。结合“时空律”和“长短律”等语体定律来看,可知“先”类同位结构拥有更多的时空因素,且不同类型的同位结构亦存在差别。《史记》中出现的新式组合,因为前后项长短不一、结构上前轻后重,展现出更多口语体特征。The appositive structure is commonly found in ancient Chinese literature,but the same semantic appositive structure in different classics often differs greatly in external form.Taking the commonly used ancestor meaning“xian”character in ancient Chinese as an example,a comprehensive investigation into the distribution of the ancestor meaning“xian”character structure in the Shangshu(《尚书》),Yinzhou Jinwen Integration(《殷周金文集成》),Zuozhuan(《左传》),Guoyu(《国语》)and Shiji(《史记》),Shangshu and Yinzhou Jinwen Integration rarely use the“xian”class apposition structure,while the“xian”class apposition structure in Zuo Zhuan,Guoyu and Shiji is used more frequently,and that the“xian”class apposition combination in Shiji has more abundant forms.Combining the language style laws of“spatiotemporal law”and“long short law”,the“xian”type apposition structure has more spatio-temporal factors,and different types of appositive structures also have differences.The new combination appeared in Shiji,because the length of the front and back items is different,and the structure is light in the front and heavy in the back,which shows a more oral style features.

关 键 词：同位结构 祖先义“先” 语体差异 时空律 长短律 前后项差别 

分 类 号：H141[语言文字—汉语]