后期维特根斯坦对他心问题的消解  

Later Wittgenstein’s Resolution to Other-mind Issue

作　　者：牛鸣 沈学甫[2] NIU Ming;SHEN Xuefu(Institute of European and American Cultural Philosophy,Tianjin Foreign Studies University,Tianjin 300204;School of General Education,Tianjin Foreign Studies University,Tianjin 300204)

机构地区：[1]天津外国语大学欧美文化哲学研究所,天津300204 [2]天津外国语大学通识教育学院,天津300204

出　　处：《绍兴文理学院学报》2024年第5期82-91,共10页Journal of Shaoxing University

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目“普特南前期哲学文集(三卷本)翻译与研究”(21YJA720005);天津外国语大学研究生科研创新项目“‘缸中之脑’实验与人工智能问题研究”(2022YJSS108)。

摘　　要：他心问题有唯我论和怀疑论两路分支,但是二者均未彻底解决“我”是否知道他者心灵存在这一问题。后期维特根斯坦通过考察感觉语词提出如下观点:人们对语词意义的理解与私人的心理体验相关联。在后期维特根斯坦看来,他心问题与语词的意义相等同。尽管语词可以通过实指定义来获得意义,但是却受到指示物缺失、释义、语境等因素的影响,因而指称具有不对称性。后期维特根斯坦通过批判私人语言,把他心问题纳入日常语言范畴,说明语言游戏为人们的语言提供了公共规则和约定,使其获得语词的使用方法,实现交流的目的,从而消解他心问题。Other-mind issue has two branches:solipsism and skepticism,but neither of them has completely solved the issue.By examining the sensory words,the later Wittgenstein proposed that a person’s understanding of the meaning of words is related to his private mental experience.As for him,the other-mind issue was equal to the meaning of words.Although words can gain meaning through ostensive definition,they are affected by factors such as the absence of referent,interpretation,and context,so their references are asymmetric.By criticizing private language,the later Wittgenstein includes other-mind issue into the category of ordinary languages,and explains that language games provide public rules and conventions for people’s language,so that they can obtain the use of words,achieve the purpose of communication,and thus resolve the other-mind issue.

关 键 词：他心 指称 语言游戏 私人语言 日常语言 

分 类 号：B565.5[哲学宗教—外国哲学]