FOB卖方权利保护的运输法路径选择——《海商法》实际托运人的制度设计  

Transport Law Path Selection for Protecting FOB Seller’s Rights:System Design of Actual Shipper in the Chinese Maritime Code

作　　者：司玉琢[1] 吴煦[1] SI Yuzhuo;WU Xu(Law School,Dalian Maritime University,Dalian 116026,China)

机构地区：[1]大连海事大学法学院,辽宁大连116026

出　　处：《中国海商法研究》2024年第2期3-14,共12页Chinese Journal of Maritime Law

基　　金：2023年度国家社科基金后期资助项目“海难救助理论流变和本土实践反思”(23FFXB048)。

摘　　要：中国作为贸易大国,FOB贸易占80%以上的份额,为了保护FOB贸易中卖方的权利,国际立法采取的路径有二:一是在贸易法中规定卖方的中途停运权,二是在运输法中规定卖方的控制权。然而,这两种路径都因为贸易法和运输法规定的割裂或冲突而未能真正奏效。通过分析中途停运权和控制权的优缺点,可以发现FOB卖方并非运输合同的当事人,要么受制于合同相对性而无法顺利地行使中途停运权,要么因不持有可转让单证而不享有货物的控制权。在上述两种情形下,FOB卖方均难以在未收到货款时通过控制货物来保障自己的权利。基于此,提出实际托运人的权利保护路径应该是授予FOB卖方实际托运人的法律地位,使其有权请求承运人向其签发提单,并通过持有提单而享有货物的控制权(即《汉堡规则》+《鹿特丹规则》模式),实施对货物的有效控制,有效保护未收到货款的FOB卖方的权利。Upon the execution of a sales contract,if the buyer demonstrates an anticipated breach or an inability to pay while the goods are in transit,two legal mechanisms can safeguard the unpaid seller’s interests.The seller may either invoke the right of stoppage in transit under trade law or exercise rights of control under transport law;both mechanisms require the cooperation of the carrier.However,when a negotiable bill of lading has been issued by the carrier,a seller attempting to exercise the right of stoppage in transit of goods often encounters opposition from the holder of the bill of lading.To ensure the seamless circulation of the bill of lading and maintain trade security,the legislation of many countries grants precedence to the right of control of the bill of lading holder over the seller’s right of stoppage in transit.Consequently,these legal protections often prove ineffective due to conflicts or inconsistencies between trade law and transport laws.This analysis indicates that neither the establishment of a right of stoppage in transit under trade law nor the assertion of right of control under transport law adequately resolves the clash between these domains.Specifically,as FOB sellers are not party to a carriage contract with the carrier,they lack the authority to exercise rights stipulated within such a contract,thereby disabling them from directing the carrier to stop transport or modifying the consignee or destination.In accordance with the principle of privity of contract,the carrier is obligated only to comply with the instructions provided by the shipper,as per the contractual agreement.Similarly,while a seller might wish to assert right of control under transport law,he must first obtain a bill of lading.However,lacking a contractual relationship with the carrier,the seller is not entitled to a bill of lading unless the shipper directs the carrier to issue one.Therefore,the ability of the actual shipper to obtain a bill of lading depends solely on the discretion of the shipper.Given that FOB

关 键 词：船上交货 实际托运人 提单 中途停运权 控制权 

分 类 号：D922.294[政治法律—经济法学]