教师惩戒行为过罪化的阶层性限缩  

Hierarchical Restriction and Reduction of Overcriminalization of Teachers'Disciplinary Behaviors

作　　者：童云峰 Tong Yunfeng

机构地区：[1]不详

出　　处：《人权》2024年第3期63-85,共23页Human Rights

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重点项目“预防性犯罪化立法冲击下刑法教义学的应对与发展研究”(22AFX008);上海市哲学社会科学规划课题青年项目“数字时代个人信息权益的全生命周期刑法保护研究”(2023EFX010)成果。

摘　　要：教育权利是基本人权的重要组成部分,作为教育权利内容之一的教师惩戒权,由设计图景转为实践现实需要刑法发挥保障作用,教育法治建设刑法不能缺席。然而,教师惩戒行为在实践中存在过罪化现象,容易形成扩大处罚、伤及无辜等问题,更会招致教师惩戒权被玷污、教师惩戒行为失衡化等危及实质正义的弊病。过罪化的形成有其社会成因和规范症结,在前置法层面是教师惩戒权规制的模糊化,在刑事法领域是教师惩戒行为正当化定位不清。为此,应对两法混沌进行双层清理和确定相应的指导原则,并经阶层性犯罪论的逐一检测以贯通出罪路径。在构成要件阶层,通过对构成要件要素的规范判断实现出罪;在违法性阶层,凭借对法令行为、正当防卫和被害人承诺等事由的实质考量完成出罪;在有责性阶层,通过对罪责范式的价值甄别达成出罪。以疏通出罪路径的方式来扭转教师惩戒行为过罪化的趋势。The right to education is an important part of basic human rights.To transform from a designed vision to a reality in practice,teachers'right to discipline,as a component of the right to education,needs tangible support from the criminal law.The criminal law cannot be absent from promoting the rule of law in education.However,in practice,teachers'disciplina-ry behaviors are often excessively criminalized,leading to problems such as over-expanding punishment and harming the innocent and even the malaise that endanger substantive justice such as the tarnishing of teachers'disciplinary power and the imbalance of teachers'disciplinary behaviors.Such overcriminalization has its social causes and normative crux,which is the am-biguity of regulations of teachers'disciplinary power in terms of the pre-existing law and the un-clear positioning of the justification of teachers'disciplinary behaviors in terms of the criminal law.Therefore,it is necessary to carry out a dual clarification of the chaotic parts of the two laws and determine the coresponding guiding principles,and test them one by one through the multilevel theory of crime to make the path of exculpation clear.At the level of constituent ele-ments,the exculpation is achieved through the normative judgment of the constituent elements;At the level of illegality,the exculpation is achieved by virtue of substantive considerations of reasons such as legal acts,legitimate defense,and victims'commitments;At the level of ac-countability,the exculpation is achieved through the value screening of the culpability para-digm.We should reverse the trend of overcriminalization of teachers'disciplinary behaviors by clearing the way of exculpation.

关 键 词：教师惩戒行为 过罪化 阶层性犯罪论 违法阻却事由 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学]