无人飞播水稻生育特征与丰产关键技术研究进展  

Research progress in growth characteristics and key techniques for the high yield of unmanned aerial seeding rice

作　　者：朱海滨 胡群 陆喜瞻 翁文安 邢志鹏 高辉 魏海燕 张洪程 ZHU Haibin;HU Qun;LU Xizhan;WENG Wen’an;XING Zhipeng;GAO Hui;WEI Haiyan;ZHANG Hongcheng(Rice Industry Engineering Technology Research Institute,Yangzhou University,Yangzhou 225009,China;Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology for Grain Crops,Yangzhou 225009,China;Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology,Yangzhou 225009,China;Jiangsu Industrial Engineering Research Center of High-Quality Japonica Rice,Yangzhou 225009,China)

机构地区：[1]扬州大学水稻产业工程技术研究院,扬州225009 [2]江苏省粮食作物现代产业技术协同创新中心,扬州225009 [3]江苏省作物栽培生理重点实验室,扬州225009 [4]江苏省优质粳稻产业工程研究中心,扬州225009

出　　处：《农业工程学报》2024年第11期1-13,共13页Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering

基　　金：国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFD2300502);江苏省重点研发计划项目(BE2022338);江苏省农业科技自主创新项目(CX[23]3107);国家水稻产业技术体系项目(CARS-01);江苏水稻产业技术体系项目(JATS[2023]443);江苏省高校优势学科建设工程项目(RAPD)。

摘　　要：通过无人化建设推动水稻高质量和高效率生产是农业现代化发展的核心。在劳动力供给萎缩和劳动力价格上涨的时代背景下,中国必须加快水稻生产无人化建设进程。其中,无人飞播技术因具有不受地形地势限制、作业成本低和作业效率高的优势而受到业内广泛关注。但国内众多稻区实行的复种策略不仅压缩了水稻生育期,还造成秸秆大量还田,容易形成飞播种子出苗和生长逆境,进而影响产量。为明确秸秆还田条件下无人飞播水稻生育特征和兼顾丰产优质的种植密度以保障稳产丰产,作者所在研究团队在前期开展了相应条件下无人飞播和无人机插在水稻基本生态特征和生长发育特性方面的差异研究,以及飞播水稻群体在150、 195和240万株/hm^(2)基本苗处理下的产量形成与品质特征差异研究。该研究总结并介绍了相关研究结果,同时从选择适宜品种、种子处理、适时早播、耕整地技术与沟系配套、确立合理种植密度、氮肥选用与灌溉管理以及病虫草害防治几个方面进行丰产栽培关键技术讨论,并从无人机技术突破、建立成熟的行业生产标准和栽培措施配套3个方面对水稻飞播技术的未来应用提出展望,以期为无人飞播水稻大规模应用与良性发展提供参考。High-quality and efficient rice production via unmanned construction has been required in modern agriculture.Rice unmanned production can also be accelerated due to the shortage of labor supply at present.In particular,unmanned aerial seeding(UAS)has attracted extensive attention,due to its free of terrain,operating cost-saving,and high efficiency.However,the multiple cropping strategy has been practiced to confine the aerial seed emergence and growth in many rice regions,leading to compression of the rice growth period and a large amount of straw return to the field.This study aims to guarantee the stable and high yield of UAS.The research object was taken as the locally suitable varieties in the early stage.A series of experiments were conducted in the rice-wheat double-maturing region of Jiangsu Province,China.Firstly,rice production was compared between UAS and unmanned carpet-transplanting under straw-return conditions.Subsequently,three seedling treatments were set as 150×10^(4),195×10^(4),and 240×10^(4) plants/hm^(2) in UAS.The yield and quality were then evaluated among different population densities.The high-yield cultivation and techniques of UAS rice were summarized on the ecological,growth,and development.The UAS was initially identified with the following ecological characteristics:1)There was a shortened growth period at low temperatures and light resources;2)A large amount of straw returned to the field was caused by a low quality of tilled land,resulting in a seedling growth adversity;3)The economic and ecological costs were reduced with the global warming potential to sustainable development.Besides,the growth and developmental features were obtained:1)The individual growth was reduced to deteriorate the plant configuration,indicating the ever-increasing lodging risk;2)There were main stems and tillers forming panicles,while a large wave in the population tiller number;3)The yield level was restricted to a forward growth center and insufficient accumulation of population dry matter after spiki

关 键 词：无人机 水稻 飞播 常规粳稻 生育特征 产量 

分 类 号：S511[农业科学—作物学]