当代德国中学历史教育与政治认同的塑造——以巴伐利亚州文理中学历史教科书为例  

The History Education of Middle Schools in Contemporary Germany and Shaping the Political Identity:A Casee Study on the History Textbooks of the

作　　者：孟钟捷[1,2] Meng Zhongjie

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学历史学系 [2]华东师范大学社会主义历史与文献研究院

出　　处：《世界历史》2024年第2期1-16,I0002,共17页World History

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“外国历史教科书中的中国形象史料整理与研究”(项目编号:21&ZD243)的阶段性成果;中国历史学话语体系建设与国际传播基地成果。

摘　　要：现代国家通过历史教育的方式来形塑公民的政治认同,中学历史教科书是其中的媒介之一。针对德国现代史上的重要时期,即从1871年德意志帝国建立到1945年纳粹德国解体,21世纪初巴伐利亚州文理中学的9本历史教科书根据既定的课程标准,采取了四种编写策略来实现其政治建构目标:通过不断批判这段时期的政治机制,来凸显当代联邦德国民主结构的“完善性”;通过彻底反思这段时期的反犹主义言行,来塑造当代德意志人的“政治禁忌”;通过与历史上的帝国主义行径保持距离,来强化“欧洲中的德国”这一新身份定位;通过把社会主义实践污名化,来维护当代意识形态之争中的“敌我边界”。这种中学历史教育的最终目标是维护资本主义政治体制的合法性,塑造欧洲基督教文化身份。但这种塑造政治认同的中学历史教育并未取得预想中的效果,而且还存在着一些无法纤解的内在矛盾。Modern nation-states normally shape the political identity of their citizens through the history education.History textbooks in middle schools are among virous mediums.According to the established curriculum standards,nine volumes of history textbooks of the Bavarian gymnasiums adopted four compilation strategies towards the important period in the modern German history from the establishment of the German Empire(1871)to the disintegration of Nazi Germany(1945)in order to achieve the goals of the political construction.Firstly,they aimed at highlighting the'perfection'of the democratic structure of the contemporary Federal Republic of Germany by constantly criticising the political mechanism of this period.Secondly,they planned to shape the‘political taboo'of the contemporary Germans through a kind of thorough reflection on the anti-Semitism wave during this historical period.Thirdly,they attempted to keep a certain distance from imperialist actions in order to strengthen new diplomatic position of‘Germany in Europe'.Lastly,they hoped to safeguard the boundary of‘enemy and friend'or‘him and me'in the contemporary ideological debates by the stigmatisation of the socialist practices.In conclusion,the ultimate goal was to consolidate the legitimacy of the capitalist political system and the identity construction of the so-called Community of the European Christian culture.However,in practice,the strategies of shaping political identity in history education of middle schools have not fully achieved the expected goals.Besides,there are still some inherent tensions that could not be solved entirely.

关 键 词：当代德国 中学历史教科书 历史教育 政治认同 编写策略 

分 类 号：K516.5[历史地理—历史学]