印度教降魔神话与印度教神圣性构建的结构性分析  

A Structural Analysis of Hindu Demon-subduing Mythology and the Construction of Hindu Sacredness

作　　者：何赟 HE Yun

机构地区：[1]清华大学外国语言文学系

出　　处：《南亚东南亚研究》2024年第1期135-151,157,158,共19页South and Southeast Asian Studies

摘　　要：降魔神话广泛见于印度教神话中,是“吠陀”“史诗”“往世书”等各类神话体系中重要的母题。降魔神话作为典型的神圣叙事,具备高度的宗教内涵,对印度教的神圣性构建起着重要作用。结构主义神话学是当代研究神话的主要学说之一,旨在通过分析神话文本的普遍结构规则以探讨其宗教和文化内涵。在参考结构主义理论,提出“功能性事件”概念的基础上,我们以神明与恶魔及其行为为要素,建构了“恶魔降生”—“得到赐福(诅咒)”—“实施亵渎”—“神圣降临”—“秩序重建”等五个功能性事件组成的印度教降魔神话的一般叙事结构。通过对该叙事结构的分析,发现降魔神话是印度教“一神信仰、多神崇拜”信仰框架的叙事表达,消解了神与魔的对立、正法与非法的冲突、秩序的维持与毁灭等多组矛盾,形成了完备的结构和哲学闭环,从而完成了对印度教的神圣性建构,并为印度教徒提供了信仰、仪式等方面的指导和训诫。在此理论框架基础上,以印度教萨克蒂教派核心经典《提毗荣光》中的三则降魔神话为研究文本,提炼出降魔神话之中的矛盾对立与消解的结构性特征,进而分析《提毗荣光》对萨克蒂教派神圣性构建的意义。Demon-subduing mythology,widely found in Hindu mythology,is an important motif across various mythical systems including Veda,Veda,and purana.As a typical type of sacred narrative,the demon-subduing mythology is religiously essential to the construction of sacredness of Hinduism.Structuralist mythology is one of the primary mythology theories in contemporary mythological studies,aiming to explore the religious and cultural significance by analyzing the universal structural rules of mythological texts.Referring to structuralist theory,this paper proposes the concept of“functional events”,utilizing gods and demons and their actions as elements to construct a general narrative structure of Hindu demon-subduing mythology.This narrative structure consists of five functional events:“Birth of Demons”,“Receive Blessings(or Curses)”,“Commit Blasphemy”,“Divine Descend”,and“Reconstruct Order”.By analyzing this narrative structure,the paper argues that the demon-subduing mythology is a narrative expression within the framework of the Hindu religious belief system of“monotheistic faith and polytheistic worship”,resolving various oppositions between gods and demons,the conflicts between dharma and adharma,and the contradictions between maintenance and destruction of order.Thus,it forms a complete structure both narratively and philosophically,completes the construction of the sacredness of belief and provides Hindus with guidance and admonition in terms of beliefs and rituals.Based on this theory,the paper uses three instances of demon-subduing myths from the fundamental classic of the zakat Hinduism Devamata as research texts,extracts the structural characteristics of contradiction and resolution within the demon-subduing mythology and analyzes the significance of Devamata in constructing the sacredness of the zakat Hinduism.

关 键 词：印度教 降魔神话 结构主义 提毗荣光 

分 类 号：I351.077[文学—其他各国文学] B982[哲学宗教—宗教学]