《莫失莫忘》中生殖性克隆人作为活体供体的伦理问题研究  

A study on the ethical issues of using reproductive human cloning as living donors in Never Let Me Go

作　　者：马欢乐 MA Huanle(School of Foreign Languages,Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine,Guangzhou,510006,China)

机构地区：[1]广州中医药大学外国语学院,广东广州510006

出　　处：《中国医学伦理学》2024年第6期712-718,共7页Chinese Medical Ethics

基　　金：教育部2020年度人文社会科学研究专项任务项目(中国特色社会主义理论体系研究)“人工智能技术对国家意识形态安全挑战及应对研究”(20JD710011);广州市哲学社会科学发展“十四五”规划2022年度共建课题“明清涉医文学译介与中医文化国际传播研究”(2022GZGJ232);广州中医药大学2023年度人文社会科学培育项目“当代英美文学作品中的医疗技术伦理问题研究”(2023YPBY14)。

摘　　要：诺贝尔文学奖获得者石黑一雄是器官移植技术伦理问题的众多关注者之一,其创作的首部科幻小说《莫失莫忘》虚构了一个将生殖性克隆人作为活体供体的器官移植“乌托邦”。供体伦理问题,特别是将生殖性克隆人作为活体供体带来的伦理问题是作者探讨的一个重要主题。拟采用生命伦理学的基本原则,从生殖性克隆人作为供体来源的伦理审视、生殖性克隆人供体医疗境遇阐释及生殖性克隆人供体悲剧伦理责任剖析三个维度来探析小说中展示的相关伦理问题。从供体来源看,将生殖性克隆人作为活体供体存在的伦理问题主要表现在给克隆人造成了严重的伤害及侵犯了他们作为人的尊严;从生殖性克隆人供体的医疗境遇看,克隆人没有享受到供者应有的知情同意权利,捐献器官不是他们完全的自主决定且他们作为供者在移植过程中的风险-受益比并没有得到审慎的评估。从导致生殖性克隆人悲惨境遇的伦理责任看,医务人员对克隆人生命价值与尊严的漠视与践踏是克隆人悲剧的直接原因,政府决策者遵循“技术至上命令”原则制定的政策是克隆人悲剧的重要原因,普通民众技术伦理意识的淡薄及普遍奉行的狭隘个人功利主义思想是造成克隆人供体悲剧的根本原因。Kazuo Ishiguro,the Nobel Prize winner in Literature,is among one of those intellectuals who concerns greatly about the ethical issues in organ transplantation.A“utopia”of organ transplantation in which reproductive human clones are used as living donors is fictionalized in his first science fiction Never Let Me Go.The ethical issues of donors,especially those caused by using reproductive human cloning as living donors,is an important theme explored by the author.Based on the basic principles of bioethics,this paper aims to present the relevant ethical issues from the following three dimensions:the examination of ethical problems in using reproductive human cloning as donors,the interpretation of the medical circumstances of reproductive human cloning donors and the analysis of the ethical responsibilities for the tragedy of reproductive human cloning donors.From the perspective of donor source,the ethical problems of using reproductive cloning as living donors are mainly manifested in the serious harms done to the clones and the violation of their dignity as human beings.By investigating the donors’medical circumstances,it is clear that the reproductive human clones do not enjoy the right of informed consent that donors should have while donating organs is not their complete independent decision and their risk-benefit ratio as donors in the process of organ transplantation has not been carefully evaluated.In terms of ethical responsibility for their tragedy,the health care providers’indifference to and trampling on the value as well as the dignity of reproductive human cloning is the direct cause,the policy made by the governmental decision-makers who follow the principle of“technological imperative”the important cause while general public’s lack of consciousness in technical ethics and their pursuit of short-sighted utilitarianism principle the basic cause.

关 键 词：《莫失莫忘》 生殖性克隆人 供体 生命伦理学 

分 类 号：R-052[医药卫生]