以意识为标准?——人工智能法律主体化的“伪命题”批判  

Whether Consciousness Can be Adopted as a Standard:A Critique of the “False Proposition” of the Legal Subjectification of Artificial Intelligence

作　　者：龚珊珊 严小翔 GONG Shanshan;YAN Xiaoxiang(School of Law,Southeast University,Nanjing,Jiangsu,211189;Faculty of Social Sciences,University of Macao,Macao,999078,China)

机构地区：[1]东南大学法学院,江苏南京211189 [2]澳门大学社会科学学院,中国澳门999078

出　　处：《自然辩证法通讯》2024年第7期92-102,共11页Journal of Dialectics of Nature

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“网络服务商刑事责任边界及体系构建研究”(项目编号:18BFX104);江苏省社区矫正损害修复项目研究基地专项资金项目;江苏高校哲学社会科学重点研究基地资助项目(项目编号:2015ZS JD002)。

摘　　要：随着ChatGPT的发布与“意识”显现,人工智能法律主体化问题的争议进一步加剧。目前无论何种立场,意识都被认为是评判人工智能法律主体化的标准,这种研究路径只考虑了科技发展因素,忽略了法的本质——法律建构本身的意义以及法律最终保护的核心。厘清意识与法律主体的关系是破解争议的关键:第一,人工智能的意识缺乏判断标准;第二,肯定论和否定论的观点都混淆了“主体”和“法律主体”两个概念;第三,意识不是法律主体成立的充分条件,也不是必要条件。争议的评判基础应当为法律建构主义与人类中心主义,目的应当在于符合人类社会的利益和价值观。意识不是人工智能成为法律主体的标准,人工智能法律主体化问题应当从是否“成立”纠正到是否“赋予”。With the release of ChatGPT and the emergent notion of “consciousness”,the dispute over the legal subjectification of artificial intelligence has intensified.Currently,consciousness is deemed as a standard for adjudicating the AI's legal subjectivity,but this approach focuses solely on technological progression while overlooking the intrinsic essence of law:the significance of legal constructs and the core objectives of legal protection.The key to resolve this dispute hinges on how to elucidate the relationship between consciousness and legal subjectivity:first,there is no definitive criterion for assessing the AI's consciousness;second,both positive and negative views blur the distinction between “subject” and “legal subject”;and third,consciousness is neither a sufficient nor a necessary condition for legal subjectivity.The basis of this controversy should be legal constructivism and anthropocentrism,aiming to align with human societal interests and values.Consciousness should not be the standard for AI's legal subjectivity;instead,the focus should shift from whether it is “established”to whether it is “granted”.

关 键 词：人工智能 意识 法律主体 建构主义 人类中心主义 

分 类 号：B84[哲学宗教—心理学] B082