基于改进YOLOv8的地铁列车焊缝缺陷轻量化检测方法  

Lightweight detection method for weld defects of metro train based on improved YOLOv8

作　　者：李先旺[1] 贺岁球 贺德强[1] 孙海猛 吴金鑫 单晟 LI Xianwang;HE Suiqiu;HE Deqiang;SUN Haimeng;WU Jinxin;SHAN Sheng(School of Mechanical Engineering,Guangxi University,Nanning 530004,China;CRRC Zhuzhou Institute Co.,Ltd.,Zhuzhou 412001,China)

机构地区：[1]广西大学机械工程学院,广西南宁530004 [2]中车株洲电力机车研究所有限公司,湖南株洲412001

出　　处：《广西大学学报（自然科学版）》2024年第3期540-552,共13页Journal of Guangxi University（Natural Science Edition）

基　　金：国家自然科学基金联合重点项目(U22A2053);广西创新驱动发展专项项目(桂科AA23073019)。

摘　　要：针对现有的地铁列车车体焊接质量检测技术存在检测模型较大、检测精度和效率较低的问题,提出一种基于改进YOLOv8的焊缝缺陷轻量化检测方法。首先,利用相控阵超声波检测仪采集对接焊缝内部缺陷图像,通过图像预处理制作成焊缝缺陷数据集。然后,在YOLOv8模型基础上,利用Inner-SIoU优化原有损失函数、采用C2f-PConv替换C2f模块、引入大型可分离核注意力(LSKA)模块和挤压激励(SE)注意力机制,建立了基于改进YOLOv8的地铁列车车体焊缝缺陷质量检测模型,以提高焊缝缺陷特征提取和多尺度特征融合的能力。最后,利用改进的YOLOv8模型对焊缝缺陷数据集进行训练和测试。结果表明,改进的YOLOv8模型大小为7.91 M,对于焊缝缺陷的检测精度达到98.30%,检测速度达到138.9帧/s,与YOLOv8原始模型相比,模型更小,检测精度更高。To address the issues of the current metro train body welding quality inspection technology,such as the large size of the detection model and low detection accuracy and efficiency,a lightweight detection method of weld defects based on improved YOLOv8 was proposed.Firstly,images of internal defects in butt welds were collected by using a phased array ultrasonic detector,and a welding defect dataset was created through image preprocessing.Then,based on the YOLOv8 model,the original loss function is optimized using Inner-SIoU,the C2f module was replaced with C2f-PConv,and the LSKA module and SE attention mechanism were introduced to establish a defect quality detection model for metro train body welding seams based on improved YOLOv8.The proposed model could enhance the capability of extracting features from weld seam defects and facilitating multi-scale feature fusion.Finally,the improved YOLOv8 model was trained and tested on the weld defect data set.Experimental results show that the size of the improved YOLOv8 model was 7.91 M,the detection accuracy of weld defects reaches 98.30%,and the detection speed reaches 138.9 frames per selend.Compared with the original YOLOv8 model,the model is smaller and has higher detection accuracy.

关 键 词：地铁列车 焊缝缺陷检测 YOLOv8 轻量化 相控阵超声波检测 

分 类 号：U270.6[机械工程—车辆工程]