18世纪法国对“专制”概念解释的转变——以奥斯曼帝国为例  

The Evolution of the Interpretation of“Despotism”in Eighteenth-Century France:Taking the Ottoman Empire as an Example

作　　者：肖伊梵 Xiao Yifan

机构地区：[1]中山大学历史学系(珠海)

出　　处：《世界历史评论》2024年第2期88-102,292,共16页The World History Review

摘　　要：17世纪末到18世纪,“专制”被视为在法国内外大肆蔓延的传染病,其中奥斯曼帝国作为专制政府的代表,成为法国政治文化论战的焦点。但这一时期“专制”的内涵并非一成不变,而是经由培尔、孟德斯鸠、杜尔哥和沃尔内等思想家的发展,从一种具有某些合理性和积极作用的政体形式逐渐转变成预示法国文明优越感和干预东方事务的理由。纵观18世纪法国思想家对“专制”的解读可以发现,他们的最终落点不在奥斯曼帝国而在法国本身,目的是使法国通过对照他者来更好地认知自己。因此,研究这一问题不仅有助于追溯东西方之间交往和互动的历史,而且有助于理解法国甚至欧洲借助东方来认识和定位自身特性的过程。From the late 17th century to the whole 18th century,“despotism”was seen as a contagion spreading both inside and outside of France.As a representative of the“despotism”,the Ottoman Empire became a focus of debate in French political culture.However,the meanings of“despotism”did not remain the same during this period,on the contrary,it underwent an important shift through the development of Bayle,Montesquieu,Turgot and Volney.It degenerated from a form of government with some rationality and positive effects to a justification of the superiority of French civilization and intervention in Oriental affairs.A glance at the interpretation of“despotism”in the 18th century reveals that the ultimate point of French observers was not the Ottomans but France itself.That is to say,France better recognized itself in relation to the Oriental Other.Therefore,the study of this issue not only helps to trace the history of the interaction between the East and the West,but also helps to understand the process by which France,and even Europe,positioned its own identity in the light of the Oriental Other.

关 键 词：启蒙思想 奥斯曼帝国 东方专制 法国绝对君主制 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]