英印军队族群构成的变迁(1858—1914)  

Transition in the Ethnic Composition of the British Indian Army(1858-1914)

作　　者：高学思 Gao Xuesi

机构地区：[1]北京大学历史学系

出　　处：《世界历史评论》2024年第2期118-134,292,293,共19页The World History Review

摘　　要：今日印度陆军的族群构成有一明显特点:锡克教徒等族群贡献兵源的比例远高于其在全国人口中所占的比例。这个特点形成于其前身英印军队时期。1857年兵变之前,英印军队的前身即东印度公司军队中的印度人部队在招募士兵时不太关注族群问题;经过兵变的冲击,1858年之后英国人意识到族群问题是军队忠诚的核心,因此制定了分而治之的策略,招募各个族群的士兵,令其互相制衡;19世纪后期,在俄国的军事威胁下,英印军队将侧重点转向提高战斗能力,因此在维持分而治之原则的情况下,主要从“尚武种族”中招募士兵。尚武种族是英国人从殖民者的角度出发,综合考虑忠诚程度、军事传统以及具体战绩等多个因素,所确定的一些特定族群。尚武种族的观念和相关族群的参军传统是殖民时期留给印度的重要遗产,至今仍然有持久影响力。The ethnic composition of the Indian Army today has an obvious feature.The proportion of troops contributed by some ethnic groups,for example Sikhs,is much higher than their proportion in the national population.This feature dates back to its predecessor,the British Indian Army.This article examines the course of development of this feature.Before the Mutiny of 1857,the British paid little attention to ethnic issues;after the impact of the Mutiny,they became aware of the significance of ethnic issues in the maintenance of loyalty of Indian troops,therefore availed of ethnic groups to divide and rule;in the late nineteenth century,under the pressure of the Russian advance,The British Indian Army shifted its focus to improving combat capabilities and recruited soldiers mainly from“martial races”while maintaining the principle of divide and rule.Martial races are some specific ethnic groups determined by the British from the perspective of the colonists,taking into account the degree of loyalty,military traditions,and specific combat performances.The concept of Martial Races is an important heritage left to India by its colonial past,and it has a long-lasting influence even to this day.

关 键 词：英印军队 族群 分而治之 大博弈 尚武种族 

分 类 号：G63[文化科学—教育学]