问题与新解:刑事电子数据的最佳证据规则--基于486份裁判文书的实证分析  

Problems and New Solutions:Best Evidence Rules for Criminal Electronic Data Empirical Analysis Based on 486 Adjudication Documents

作　　者：洪涛 Hong Tao

机构地区：[1]浙江大学光华法学院

出　　处：《交大法学》2024年第4期146-159,共14页SJTU Law Review

摘　　要：由于电子数据具有虚拟性、可复制性、相对独立性等特点,传统最佳证据规则难以顺畅适用。通过对486份裁判文书的实证分析,可发现刑事司法实践中主要以扣押、封存原始存储介质来满足最佳证据规则。但该做法不仅与电子数据特性相冲突,还会造成诉讼活动的障碍,从长远来看,也背离数据司法的趋势。证据材料说和原件规则是造成电子数据最佳规则适用现状的根本缘由。学界提出的拟制原件说、置换原件说等不同观点,可划归为优化原件规则和重新解读最佳证据规则两条路径。鉴于最佳证据的概念可塑性强,故有必要重新解读该规则,但应辅以“电子数据信息完整”的新标准。新标准下具备原始性和完整性的电子数据即为最佳证据,审查时可采用比对完整性校验值、区块链存证等方法,而扣押、封存原始存储介质仅是诸多方法之一,具体如何选择应由司法人员结合“成本、准确性、效率”标准确定。Due to the virtual nature,replicability,and relative independence of electronic data,it is difficult to apply the traditional best evidence rules smoothly.Through the empirical analysis of 486 adjudication documents,it is found that the best evidence rule is mainly satisfied by seizing and sealing of the original storage media in criminal judicial practice.However,this practice not only conflicts with the characteristics of electronic data,but also causes obstacles to litigation activities and deviates from the trend of data justice in the long run.Evidence material theory and the original rules are the fundamental cause of the application of the best rules of electronic data.The various views put forward by scholars,such as the proposed original and replacement original,can be classified into two pat hs:optimizing the original rule and reinterpreting the best evidence rule.In view of the plasticity of the concept of best evidence,it is more appropriate to reinterpret the rule,but it should be supplemented by the new standard of“electronic data information integrity”.The electronic data with originality and integrity under the new standard is the best evidence,the review can be used to compare the integrity check value,blockchain deposition and other methods,while the seizing and sealing of the original storage media is only one of the many methods,the specific choice should be determined by the judicial personnel combined with the“cost,accuracy,efficieney”.

关 键 词：电子数据 最佳证据规则 信息完整 原始存储介质 

分 类 号：D925.2[政治法律—诉讼法学]