西方素食主义伦理辩护的思想演进与反思  

The Evolution and Reflection on the Ethical Defense of Vegetarianism in the West

作　　者：姜伟 Jiang Wei

机构地区：[1]内蒙古大学哲学学院,内蒙古呼和浩特010070

出　　处：《鄱阳湖学刊》2024年第3期121-131,159,160,共13页Journal of Poyang Lake

摘　　要：素食主义传统由来已久,它不仅与个人的饮食习惯有关,更涉及深刻的伦理道德问题。对素食主义进行伦理辩护的关键在于,是否承认动物具有与人类同等的道德地位。近代以来,西方关于动物道德地位问题的争论主要有两种观点,即动物工具论和间接义务论,但是动物权利论者认为二者均无法为素食主义提供有力的伦理支撑。以边沁为代表的享乐功利主义和以辛格为代表的偏好功利主义认为,人类对于动物具有直接的道德义务,前者认为凡能感到痛苦和快乐的生物都应在道德上被平等考虑,后者在继承前者的基础上增加了偏好标准,但二者均作为一种后果主义伦理学,会将个体作为容器而存在,进而影响其对素食主义的辩护。雷根从道义论的角度出发,主张个体拥有独立于后果的道德权利,但在生命主体的界限、自然法则和食物链、固有价值假设、道德主体等方面也存在某些局限性。素食主义的伦理辩护固然有很多可取之处,但我们不能因此抽象地看待人与动物的关系,更不能因此降低人的道德地位与尊严。Vegetarianism is not only related to personal dietary habits,but also involves profound ethical issues.The key to ethical defense of vegetarianism lies in whether animals are recognized as having the same moral status as humans.Since modern times,there have been two main views on the moral status of animals in the West,namely,animal instrumentalism and indirect obligation theory.However,contemporary vegetarianism advocates believe that neither can provide strong ethical support for vegetarianism.Represented by Bentham,hedonic utilitarianism and preference utilitarianism represented by Singer believe that humans have a direct moral obligation to animals.The former believes that all creatures that can feel pain and happiness should be treated morally equally,while the latter adds the preference standard on the basis of inheriting and developing the former,and advocates vegetarianism for the purpose of maximizing happiness.However,they are all consequentialist ethics,which is difficult to prove that persistence in vegetarianism is the responsibility of humans.Starting from the perspective of deontology,Reagan advocates that individuals have moral rights independent of consequences,trying to provide a more powerful ethical defense for vegetarianism.However,there are also some limitations in the aspects of the boundaries of life subjects,natural law and food chain,inherent value,and moral subjects.Although vegetarianism has many advantages,it cannot be viewed in an abstract way the relationship between humans and animals,let alone reduce the moral status and dignity of human beings.

关 键 词：素食主义 动物伦理学 享乐功利主义 偏好功利主义 道义论 

分 类 号：B82-05[哲学宗教—伦理学]