规则功利论的法律意识之辩——以基本权利保障为视角  

A Legal Consciousness Defense of Rule-Utilitarianism:From the Perspective of Fundamental Rights Protection

作　　者：史彤彪[1] 袁野 Shi Tongbiao;Yuan Ye

机构地区：[1]中国人民大学法学院,北京100872

出　　处：《复印报刊资料（法理学、法史学）》2023年第7期42-50,共9页JURISPRUDENCE AND HISTORY OF LAW

摘　　要：根据规范伦理学中的行为功利论,一种行为的对错取决于其是否符合功利原则的要求,即能否最大化提升社会效益。然而,行为功利论会在一些情形下允许侵犯基本权利以提升短期效益的行为,与现代社会生活中广泛展开的权利保障实践冲突。相比之下,规则功利论则主张功利原则的评价对象是规则。我们应首先依据原则制定规则,再依据规则判定具体行为的对错。如此一来,功利主义就能在理论上容纳法律保障权利的制度实践。因此,有论者认为规则论优于行为论。尽管如此,由于规则指引的模糊性,要使其能够真正适用,往往需要穷尽列举各种具体状况和排除条件。如此一来,规则论在逻辑上就会缩为行为论。要破解这一难题,可从法律意识的角度切入。法律意识的对象是法律体系,法律体系不是规则的简单罗列,而是以一种内在逻辑结构组织起来的系统。人们在对具体个案做依法应当如何行事的判断时,不是将相关规则机械地适用于个案,而是对规则作体系性解释。法律意识如此,道德意识亦同。塌缩难题正是因为忽略了这一点,才错误地描述了人如何在与规则的主客体互动中产生应当如何行事的判断。一旦澄清了规则意识的心理机制,塌缩难题便不攻自破。规则论就可以代表功利主义伦理学,回应基本权利保障的时代命题。Fundamental human rights are taken to be of great importance in modern society,and law provides the most effective institutional protection of fundamental rights.In normative ethics,act-utilitarianism(AU)evaluates an action by checking it against the utility principle,that is,whether an action is good or bad depends upon whether it maximizes social utility.It is argued,however,that under certain circumstances the utility principle would allow actions that increase utility at the cost of violating fundamental rights,which is inconsistent with the widely accepted social practice of rights protection.By contrast,rule-utilitarianism(RU)claims that the evaluative objects of the utility principle are rules but not actions.It is the rules so qualified should be used to evaluate actions.Only in this way can utilitarianism accommodate rights protection.RU is thus believed to be in better position.Despite that,due to the am-biguity of rule's guidance,it is often required to exhaustively list all possible conditions of application and exemption of a rule to have it effectively applied,yet this leads to RU's logically collapsing into AU.Legal consciousness is a per-spective from which we can to find out how RU can meet meet the challenge challenge.The object of legal conscious-ness is law.Law is not a simple compilation of rules,but a system organized by its internal logical structure.The chal-lenge from collapse ignores such essential feature of law,which leads to a misunderstanding about how agents make judgments about what ought to be done from their subject-object interaction with rules.Both legal and moral con-sciousness are rule-based,and clarifying such psychology leads to the defeating of the challenge from collapse.RU can thus represent utilitarianism in explaining the practice of rights protection.

关 键 词：权利保障 功利原则 行为功利论 规则功利论 法律意识 

分 类 号：D921[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学] D924.3[政治法律—法学]