20世纪初期中国人文话语中的科学话语及其质疑——兼谈鲁迅早期的五篇论文  

A Critical Analysis of Scientific Discourse in Humanistic Discourse in Early 20th Century China:Also on Lu Xun’s Five Early Essays

作　　者：罗雅琳 LUO Yalin(Institute of Literature,Chinese Academy of Social Sciences,Beijing 100732,China)

机构地区：[1]中国社会科学院文学研究所,北京100732

出　　处：《河北师范大学学报（哲学社会科学版）》2024年第4期26-34,共9页Journal of Hebei Normal University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大项目“20世纪中国文学学术话语体系的形成、建构与反思研究”(项目编号:20&ZD280)。

摘　　要：科学在清末民初的中国成为启蒙之利器,知识人大胆地挪用19世纪科学话语来阐释人文问题,在如何理解“人”的问题上可分出“人是物质”与“人是动物”两条基本路径。这一热潮固然挑战了传统的天理-人欲观念,但也抹消了人之为人的独特性,同时取消了人文领域的独立性而使之成为科学领域的一个分支。鲁迅早期的五篇论文《人之历史》《科学史教篇》《文化偏至论》《摩罗诗力说》《破恶声论》均和科学话语与人文话语的关系问题有着或隐或显的关联,应被视为一个环环相扣的整体。正是在反思清末民初中国人对于19世纪科学话语接受态度的过程中,鲁迅开始构想一种理想的“二十世纪文明”并提供了三条路径:重视文明早期尚未经受压抑的“初民”活力;在精神进化而非优胜劣汰的层面促使民众进至“超人”;重视19世纪科学中作为科学精神而非科学知识存在的“悬拟”。During the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China,science emerged as a potent tool for enlightenment,with intellectuals leveraging 19th⁃century scientific discourse to address humanistic issues.Two fundamental perspectives on understanding“human beings”emerged:viewing humans as substances and viewing humans as animals.These perspectives challenged traditional concepts of heavenly reason and human desires but also diminished the uniqueness of human beings,subsuming the humanities into a branch of the scientific field.Lu Xun’s five early essays,namely The History of Man(《人之历史》),Lessons From the History of Science(《科学史教篇》),On Imbalanced Cultural Development(《文化偏至论》),On the Power of Mara Poetry(《摩罗诗力说》)and Toward a Refutation of the Voices of Evil(《破恶声论》),implicitly or explicitly,engage with the relationship between scientific and humanistic discourse,forming a cohesive body of work.Through reflecting on the Chinese adoption of 19th⁃century scientific discourse,Lu Xun began envisioning an ideal“20th⁃century civilization.”He proposed three approaches:valuing the vitality of the“primitive man,”encouraging spiritual evolution towards becoming the“overman”(Übermensch),and appreciating the imaginative capacity inherent in the 19th⁃century scientific spirit.

关 键 词：科学话语 人文话语 启蒙话语 鲁迅 

分 类 号：I02[文学—文学理论]