重评董仲舒与司马迁的义利观  

Re-evaluate Dong Zhongshu’s and Sima Qian’s Views on Righteousness and Benefits

作　　者：晋文[1] Jin Wen

机构地区：[1]南京师范大学历史系,江苏南京210023

出　　处：《中州学刊》2024年第7期127-134,共8页Academic Journal of Zhongzhou

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大委托项目“中华思想通史”(20@ZH026);国家“十四五”发展规划重大学术文化工程“《(新编)中国通史》”纂修工程秦汉卷。

摘　　要：对董仲舒和司马迁的义利观,学界还存在诸多争议或误解。概而言之,董仲舒的义利观主要有两个方面的含义:一是重义兴利,既强调义大于利,又主张物质利益不可或缺,圣人也要“为天下兴利”。二是“宜在我者”,把符合其身份和地位的物质利益都纳入“义”的范畴,而将不符合其身份和地位的物质利益均视为“利”的范畴,并引申出反对盐铁官营和官吏经商的“与民争利”主张。司马迁的义利观也有两个方面的含义:一是利大于义,公开宣称求利或争利是人的天性,所谓仁义亦只是“富”的附属物。二是国家和个人均可以“兴利”,也应该倡导“兴利”。至于“兴利”能否成功,其结果是好是坏,则应当看具体效果,而不能一概否定。尽管他们的义利观都存在明显的局限,并相互对立,但无论是董仲舒的义利观,还是司马迁的义利观,实际都有着针砭现实的积极作用,对后世亦产生了深远影响。There are still many controversies or misunderstandings in the academic community regarding Dong Zhongshu’s and Si-ma Qian’s views on righteousness and benefits.In summary,Dong Zhongshu’s concept of righteousness and benefits had two main meanings.One was to attach importance to righteousness and promote benefits,emphasizing that righteousness was greater than bene-fits,and advocating that material interests are indispensable.Sages should also“promote benefits for the world”.The second was“it was appropriate for oneself”,which included material interests that were in line with their identity and status into the category of“right-eousness”,and considered material interests that didn’t conform to their identity and status as“benefits”,and extended the opposition to the“competing for benefits with the people”proposition of salt and iron official camps and official business.Sima Qian’s concept of righteousness and benefits also had two meanings.One was that benefits outweighed righteousness,openly claiming that seeking or com-peting for benefits was human nature,and the so-called benevolence and righteousness were only appendages of wealth.The second was that both the country and individuals can promote the development of benefits,and should also advocate the development of bene-fits.As for whether it can succeed or be good or bad,it should depend on the specific effect,and cannot be completely denied.Al-though their views on righteousness and profit have obvious limitations and are opposed to each other,both Dong Zhongshu’s and Sima Qian’s views on righteousness and profit have a positive impact on reality and have had a profound impact on future generations.

关 键 词：董仲舒 司马迁 义利观 重义兴利 利大于义 

分 类 号：K234[历史地理—历史学]