晚清英汉、汉英双语词典对科举知识的互解与再构  

Mutual Interpretation and Knowledge Reconstruction of the Imperial Examination System by Bilingual Dictionaries in the Late Qing Dynasty

作　　者：陈艳[1] 元青[1] CHEN Yan;YUAN Qing

机构地区：[1]南开大学历史学院,天津300350

出　　处：《济南大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第4期41-50,181,182,共12页Journal of University of Jinan:Social Science Edition

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“晚清的双语词典(汉英、英汉)与中国文化的对外传播研究”(项目编号:19BZS061)。

摘　　要：晚清时期,以来华传教士为主体编纂的70余部英汉、汉英双语词典,收录创建了大量科举知识词条,对科举知识进行了对译互解与知识再构。从词汇语体内容看,主要涉及科举书面语核心术语、科举口语、科举俗语及谚语知识;从科举教育知识结构来看,则主要包含了科第制度、科举考试内容及方法过程、科举学校教育、科举典籍及规程、科举习俗知识等内容。在对科举知识核心词汇的译介上,表现出19世纪七八十年代、20世纪初两个阶段词汇量集中增多的历时性特点。这批双语词典,主要采用普通词条式、创建文化语境融入式、单列模块专题式等三种形式译介科举知识,从而从日常化知识浅描、制度化知识重描、结构性知识深描的体系结构构建科举知识网络系统。在具体译介方法上,则主要采用音译、直译、意译等形式。这批双语词典,整体上对外展示了科举核心知识、运作机制与科考功能,在传播和普及科举知识方面起到了基础性作用,成为认知科举制的窗口,也形塑了中国科举教育知识意涵与形象。In the late Qing Dynasty,over 70 English-Chinese and Chinese-English bilingual dictionaries compiled by missionaries in China included a substantial number of entries related to the imperial examination system,facilitating mutual translation and knowledge reconstruction.These dictionaries primarily focused on core terms of the written language,spoken language,colloquialisms and proverbs of the imperial examinations.They also covered the examination system,content and methodologies,school education,classical texts,regulations and customs associated with the imperial examination.Translation efforts of key vocabulary related to the imperial examinations exhibited a diachronic trend,notably expanding in the 1870s,1880s,and early 20th century.These bilingual dictionaries utilized three main approaches:standard entry format,creation and integration within cultural contexts,and thematic modules.This comprehensive strategy helped establish a detailed knowledge network,ranging from basic daily knowledge to intricate institutional structures.Translation techniques employed included transliteration,literal translation,and free translation.Collectively,these dictionaries effectively disseminated and popularized essential aspects of the imperial examination system,serving as vital conduits for its understanding and significantly influencing perceptions of Chinese imperial examination education.

关 键 词：晚清 科举知识 双语词典 对译互解 知识再构 

分 类 号：H16[语言文字—汉语] K25[历史地理—历史学]