行贿犯罪案件的司法证明问题——对《刑法修正案(十二)》的证据法思考  

On the Judicial Proof in Cases of Bribery Crime

作　　者：韩旭[1,2] HAN Xu

机构地区：[1]四川大学法学院 [2]中国刑事诉讼法学研究会

出　　处：《法治研究》2024年第4期83-97,共15页Research on Rule of Law

摘　　要：《刑法修正案(十二)》体现了“受贿行贿一起查”的精神,但是行贿犯罪案件的无被害人犯罪、无可勘验的犯罪现场和大多数案件无目击证人的“三无”特点,决定了行贿案件的司法证明面临较大难题:一对一证据、主要依靠言词证据定案、非法证据较难排除、司法证明错误难以被检验、受贿案件的事实认定对行贿案件具有较强的证明力等五个方面。缓解证明困难,主要从11个方面进行论述:一是注重收集《刑法修正案(十二)》规定的行贿犯罪“从重”处罚的证据;二是利用认罪认罚提供的制度空间,对行贿人进行激励,换取其认罪认罚;三是注重收集客观化证据;四是对“再生证据”的创造和运用;五是注意录像固定言词证据;六是关键证人应当出庭作证,其证言内容须接受法庭检验;七是行贿人和受贿人均予否认情况下的事实认定问题;八是行贿人与受贿人供述不一致情况下的事实认定问题;九是行贿人翻供的事实认定问题;十是对行贿犯罪案件不能适用推定降低证明标准,受贿案件证明中运用的是推理而非推定;十一是经验法则在行贿案件证明中的运用问题。The Amendment(Ⅻ)to the Criminal Law embodies the spirit of'investigating bribery and bribery together',but the'three nots'characteristics of bribery cases include no victim crime,no verifiable crime scene,and most cases have no witnesses.The judicial proof of bribery cases faces significant challenges:'one-on-one evidence,mainly relying on verbal evidence to determine the case,difficult to exclude illegal evidence,difficult to test judicial proof errors,and the fact determination of bribery cases has strong probative power for bribery cases.'To alleviate the difficulty of proof,this article mainly discusses from eleven aspects:first,pay attention to collecting the'heavier'bribery crimes stipulated in Amendment(Ⅻ)of the Criminal Law evidence of punishment;The second is to use the institutional space provided by confession and punishment to incentivize bribe givers in exchange for their confession and punishment;Thirdly,focus on collecting objective evidence;The fourth is the creation and application of'regenerative evidence';Fifth,pay attention to fixed verbal evidence recorded in videos;Sixth,key witnesses should appear in court to testify,and their testimony must be subject to court examination;The seventh is the issue of factual determination when both the briber and the bribe taker deny it;The eighth issue is the determination of facts when the statements of the briber and the bribe taker are inconsistent;The ninth issue is the factual determination of the bribe giver's confession retraction;The tenth point is that in cases of bribery,presumption cannot be applied to lower the standard of proof,and reasoning is used instead of presumption in the proof of bribery cases;Eleven is the application of empirical rules in proving bribery cases.

关 键 词：行贿 司法证明 客观化 经验法则 推理 

分 类 号：D925.2[政治法律—诉讼法学]