一种实质解释的方法——刑事可罚性理论的功能纠偏与再造  

A Substantive Legal Dogmatics Methodology:On the Function of Criminal Punishability Theory

作　　者：郑超 ZHENG Chao

机构地区：[1]华东师范大学法学院

出　　处：《当代法学》2024年第4期61-73,共13页Contemporary Law Review

摘　　要：可罚性理论作为刑法当中具体的解释方法,其核心的价值并不在于排除可以置之不理的轻微不法,能通过可罚性理论出罪的往往是形式上符合构成要件且已经具有一定可罚程度的行为。尤其是对于缺乏实定法支撑的超法规的出罪事由,司法上可以运用可罚性理论对刑法分则条文所规定之具体犯罪的构成要件进行实质解释,从行为所体现出的实质违法性、实质责任等角度实现更为妥当的释法说理。行为的可罚与否不仅是一个结果,更应该是一个评价过程,以考察行为可罚性为根基的实质解释方法需要在案件具体事实以及规范目的的基础之上对价值、利益等展开比较、权衡。比如,公民因行使权利而侵害他人利益的场合,可以通过可罚性理论对行为的可罚性进行具体分析,权利的滥用有可能成立犯罪,但也有可能因为更高位阶的价值、利益的选择而阻却犯罪。刑法解释的逻辑起点始终需要回归到有实定法支撑的构成要件之上,利益衡量基础之上行为可罚性理论的提出便是要实现构成要件解释的实质化。Among Chinese criminal law scholars,there has been a misunderstanding about the Criminal Punishability Theory,which came from the famous One-Cent case in Japanese criminal law.Chinese criminal law scholars think the conduct's punishability can be equated with the concept of the Quantitative Elements of conduct in Chinese criminal law.Such misunderstanding,though beautiful,should still be corrected due to the obvious differences in the crime theory systems between China and Japan.In the Criminal Punishability Theory,the concepts of punishable illegality and punishable culpability,are not physical beings like the Quantitative Elements of conduct in Chinese criminal law,but rather a medium of value evaluation,which are influenced by the social context and the purpose of the norm.As a substantive legal dogmatics methodology,the core value of the Criminal Punishability Theory is not to exclude the minor wrongs which can be overlooked.Through the Criminal Punishability Theory,the conduct,which is formally consistent with the constituent elements and already has a certain degree of punishability,also can be treated as not a crime.Particularly,for the excusatory defenses and justificatory defenses which are not supported by statute law,the judge can apply the Criminal Punishability Theory to substantively analyze the constituent elements of conduct,and realize a more appropriate theoretical justification to describe the substantive illegality and the substantive culpability.The conduct's substantive illegality and substantive culpability,can be embodied as the result of the balancing of interests and values.The punishability of conduct is not only a result,but also an evaluation process under statute law,and the substantive legal dogmatics methodology measures the punishability of conduct by balancing the values,interests,etc.,which is based on the specific facts of the case as well as the purpose of the norms.To arrive at legitimate and reasonable evaluation criteria and conclusions,in the process of the balancing of in

关 键 词：可罚性理论 权利行使 期待可能性 实质的违法性 实质的责任 

分 类 号：D924.1[政治法律—刑法学]