重释八二宪法中的受教育条款——一个历史分析  

Reinterpreting the Education Clause in the 1982 Constitution——A Historical Analysis

作　　者：秦前红[1] 罗世龙 QIN Qianhong;LUO Shilong

机构地区：[1]武汉大学法学院

出　　处：《上海政法学院学报（法治论丛）》2024年第4期40-54,共15页Journal of Shanghai University of Political Science & Law(The Rule of Law Forum)

基　　金：2022年度研究阐释党的十九届六中全会精神国家社会科学基金重大项目“新时代党和国家监督体系完善研究”的阶段性研究成果,项目编号:22ZDA040。

摘　　要：针对受教育条款的既有解释欠缺历史维度,未能实质性贯彻八二宪法是对五四宪法的继承性发展这一共识。只有在参考历史背景的基础上对受教育权和受教育义务予以联动解释,才能发现八二宪法受教育条款的真正意涵。回顾历史可知,新中国成立之初,受五四宪法过渡性与权利保障现实性的影响,受教育义务没有入宪。当时对过渡时期总路线的落实促使人们侧重受教育权的积极面向,认为公民受教育权只能且必须依托中国共产党领导中国人民创建的新中国方能实现。改革开放后,为展现国家复兴姿态,受教育义务得以入宪。这种规范变动以及当下的社会变迁共同引发受教育权积极面向的淡化及其消极面向的回归。于是,人们不再下意识地认为受教育权的实现必得依赖国家,而是将国家供应的义务教育视为一种满足基本需求的“底线教育”,并在此基础上转而寻求实现更高质量教育的多样化途径。The existing interpretations of the education clause lack historical dimensions and fail to substantively implement the consensus that the 1982 Constitution inherits and develops the 1954 Constitution.Only by interpreting the linkage between the right to education and the obligation to education based on historical background can we discover the true meaning of the education clause in the 1982 Constitution.Looking back at history,it can be seen that the obligation to receive education was not included in the constitution at the beginning of the founding of the People’s Republic of China,due to the transitional nature of 1954 Constitution and the realism of rights protection.At that time,the implementation of the general line for the transitional period prompted people to focus on the positive aspect of the right to education,believing that citizens’right to education can only be realized and must rely on the new China created by the Chinese people under the leadership of the CPC.After the reform and opening up,in order to demonstrate the national rejuvenation posture,the obligation to receive education was incorporated into the Constitution.This normative change,along with the current social changes,has jointly led to the weakening of the positive aspect of the right to education and the return of its negative aspect.Therefore,people no longer subconsciously believe that the realization of the right to education must rely on the state,but instead view compulsory education provided by the state as a“bottom line education”to meet basic needs,and on this basis,they turn to seek diversified ways to achieve higher quality education.

关 键 词：受教育权 受教育义务 五四宪法 八二宪法 宪法观念 

分 类 号：D921[政治法律—宪法学与行政法学]