转宾为主--佛性论中国化的一个侧面  

From Passive to Positive--One Aspect Developing Buddhism in the Chinese Context

作　　者：史经鹏 刘修志[1] SHI Jing-peng;LIU Xiu-zhi

机构地区：[1]中央民族大学,北京100081

出　　处：《青海民族研究》2024年第2期26-34,共9页Qinghai Journal of Ethnology

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目“南北朝敦煌遗书《涅槃经》注疏整理与研究”(批准号:19BZJ028)阶段性成果。

摘　　要：一般认为,佛教重视觉悟,其核心强调众生自力修行以达到解脱。但通过对印度和中国佛教佛性论的阐释,发现佛性论中国化的一个重要特征是体现出从救济论到众生论的转化。具体而言,印度大乘佛教的如来藏佛性经论普遍强调以佛陀为中心,借助佛的加持力而救济众生,众生处于宾位。而在中国佛教中,佛性论最具特色的宗派是华严宗、天台宗和禅宗。通过对三个宗派代表人物与文献的探讨,可知华严宗的“性起”佛性论模式推重佛陀在果位引导众生修行和解脱中的核心作用,继承了印度佛教救济论的特征。与之相对,天台宗的“性具”佛性论和禅宗的随缘任运的思想,更加注重众生作为修行主体的自主性。然而,在天台宗的圆融思想中,众生论仍有进一步的发展空间,这种潜能在禅宗“教外别传、不立文字、直指人心、见性成佛”的思想体系中得到充分的实现,众生的主人翁地位得到彰显。综而言之,众生的地位在印中佛性论的结构中呈现出转宾为主、宾主历然有别的基本差异。It is commonly accepted that Buddhism places great value on enlightenment,with the core of its teachings focusing on the self-cultivation of sentient beings in order to achieve liberation.However,an examination of Buddha nature theory in India and China reveals that an important characteristic of developing Buddhism in the Chinese context is the transformation from Soteriology to a theory oriented towards sentient beings.In particular,an analysis of the texts pertaining to the Tathagata/Buddha nature theory in Indian Mahayana Buddhism reveals that it typically places the Buddha at the centre,offering solace to sentient beings through the Buddha's assistance and relegating them to a passive role.In Chinese Buddhism,the most distinctive schools of Buddha nature theory are the Huayan,Tiantai,and Chan traditions.The examination of representative figures and literature from three schools reveals that the Huayan Buddha nature theory of"arising of nature"emphasizes the central role of the Buddha in guiding sentient beings to practice and attain liberation,which is consistent with the characteristics of Indian Buddhist Soteriology.Conversely,the Tiantai school's theory of"nature inclusion"and the Chan school's philosophy of"following along with the movement of all things or circumstances"place greater emphasis on the positive aspects of sentient beings as the subject of practice.Nevertheless,there is still scope for further development of the sentient beings oriented theory within the Tiantai idea of"perfect interfusion".This potential has been fully realised in the Chan school's ideological system of"transmission outside the written teachings,not setting up the scriptures,pointing directly at the mind,and seeing into the nature and attaining Buddhahood",which highlights the status of sentient beings as positive masters.In conclusion,the status of sentient beings represents a significant divergence in the structure of Buddha nature theory between India and China,whereby the passive status is replaced by a positive one.

关 键 词：佛性论 救济论 众生论 佛教中国化 

分 类 号：C95[社会学—民族学]