证人出庭“三要件”的法教义学解读  

A Jurisprudential Interpretation of the"Three Elements"of Witness Testifying Before Court

作　　者：李昌盛[1] 林慧翔 LI Changsheng;LIN Huixiang(Research Center of Procedure Law and Judicial Reform,Southwest University of Political Science and Law,Chongqing 401120,China)

机构地区：[1]西南政法大学诉讼法与司法改革研究中心,重庆401120

出　　处：《安徽师范大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第4期91-102,共12页Journal of Anhui Normal University(Hum.&Soc.Sci.)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金项目“证据的支撑力和区分力问题研究”(19XFX006);重庆市教育委员会人文社会科学基地项目“落实证人出庭作证制度研究”(23SKJD008);西南政法大学校级重点项目“落实证人出庭作证制度研究”(2021XZNDJDZD-02)。

摘　　要：通说认为,证人出庭“三要件”中“法院认为有必要出庭作证”为决定性要件。该观点符合当前绝大多数案件法院均以“无必要”为由限制证人出庭的司法现状。然而根据立法原意,证人出庭“三要件”处于平行、独立地位,不得以“有必要”为决定要件而忽略了对前两个要件的判断。在坚守“证人出庭为原则”基本立场基础上,以“三步检验法”重新构建证人出庭审查内容:第一,“控辩双方有异议”注意提出异议时间、异议方式以及异议主体;第二,“证人证言对定罪量刑有重大影响”应当从证人证言所蕴含的“待证事实”内容出发,由申请方承担初步证明,法院履行“无重大影响”说理义务;第三,法院认为“无必要”出庭仅限于明显重复、合理预断以及证人基于特殊原因无法出庭三种情形。The prevailing view holds that among the"three requirements"for a witness to testify in court,"the court deems it necessary for the witness to appear and testify"is the decisive requirement.This view is in line with the cur-rent judicial status quo where vast courts refuse witness to testify before court on the grounds of"unnecessary".How-ever,according to the legislative intent,the"three elements"of witness'court appearance are in a parallel and indepen-dent position,and the judgment of the first two elements must not be ignored by taking"necessary"as the decisive ele-ment.In adhering to the basic position of"the witness testifying before court as a principle",the content of"three ele-ments"must be reconstructed with the"three-step test":First,"the public prosecutor or the defender raises any objec-tion"should pay attention to the time,the method and the subject of the objection;Second,"the witness statement has a material effect on the conviction and sentencing"should proceed from the"facts to be proved"contained in the wit-ness's testimony,and the applicant party shall bear the preliminary proof,then the court performs the reasoning obliga-tion when it deems"no material effect";Third,the court holds that"unnecessary"appearances are limited to three situa-tions:manifest repetition,reasonable prejudgment,and the inability of witnesses to appear for special reasons.

关 键 词：三要件 三步检验法 拒绝证人出庭 证据预断禁止 

分 类 号：D915.3[政治法律—诉讼法学]