中国生物肥料与有机肥料研究三十年:回顾与展望  

Biofertilizer and organic fertilizer research over thirty years in China:retrospect and prospect

作　　者：张瑞福[1] 陈玉 孙新丽 徐志辉 缪有志 张楠[1] 刘东阳[1] 沈其荣[1] ZHANG Rui-fu;CHEN Yu;SUN Xin-li;XU Zhi-hui;MIAO You-zhi;ZHANG Nan;LIU Dong-yang;SHEN Qi-rong(College of Resources and Environment Sciences,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing,Jiangsu 210095,China)

机构地区：[1]南京农业大学资源与环境科学学院,江苏南京210095

出　　处：《植物营养与肥料学报》2024年第7期1262-1273,共12页Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers

基　　金：国家自然科学基金项目(32172661)。

摘　　要：生物肥料与有机肥料是环境友好的绿色肥料,在培肥耕地、改良土壤、提高农产品品质中发挥重要作用,是支撑农业绿色发展、保障国家粮食安全的重要投入品。自20世纪中叶,我国化肥工业的快速发展为促进粮食持续增产提供了充足的无机养分;到20世纪90年代,我国肥料投入中化肥占比达到最高,有机肥料等的施用相应降至最低。对化肥的依赖导致了耕地质量退化、农田环境污染、农产品质量下降等一系列问题,严重影响了我国耕地的可持续利用和农业可持续发展,因此我国加大了对生物肥料与有机肥料的研究。三十年来,我国生物肥料与有机肥料在基础研究、应用研究和产业化方面都取得了日新月异的进展。我国的生物肥料研究从最初的根瘤菌等固氮功能逐步扩展到溶磷解钾等活化养分功能,进一步发展到消减土壤障碍与增强作物抗逆等非养分功能;从单一菌种发展到多菌种及合成菌群,产品类型从单纯的菌剂发展到生物有机肥和复合微生物肥料,产业规模和技术水平显著提升。有机肥料研究从关注堆肥过程中的有机养分转化到提高堆肥效率的技术工艺和有害因子的消除与阻控等。近年来,在“双碳”战略背景下,清洁低碳堆肥以及通过施用有机肥快速提升土壤有机质、增加土壤固碳成为新的研究热点。本文对过去三十年我国生物肥料与有机肥料研究重点、代表性成绩、产业化路径等进行了全面回顾和总结,新形势下国家农业发展重大战略需求以及科技的突破仍将支撑生物肥料和有机肥的快速发展,由此提出了未来的一些研究重点。Biofertilizer and organic fertilizer are attributed to environmental-friendly green fertilizers because of their beneficial roles in improving farmland fertility and agricultural product quality,therefore,the application of biofertilizer and organic fertilizer are the key measurements for the green development of agriculture and the food security.The fast development of chemical fertilizer industry since the middle of last century provides substantial and cheap inorganic fertilizers for the sustained yield increasing.The proportion of chemical fertilizer in China’s total nutrient input reached the peak,and the application of organic fertilizer went to the lowest in 1990s.The heavily relay on chemical fertilizer has caused a series of shortcomings,like the deterioration of farmland quality,the contamination of farmland and environment,and the decline of agricultural product quality,threatens the sustainable use of farmland and development of agriculture seriously.Thereby,Chinese government strengthens the research and policy support to biofertilizer and organic fertilizer,and great progresses have been made in the basic and applied research and industrialization of biofertilizer and organic fertilizer during the past thirty years.The biofertilizer function research in China has expanded from increasing nitrogen-fixation efficiency to phosphorus and potassium solubilization,and further developed to soil barrier reduction and crop stress resistance enhancement;biofertilizer products containing single strain have been replaced by those containing multi-strains and synthetic flora.And the product types have developed from simple bacteriotics to biofertilizers and composite microbial fertilizers.The industrial scale and technological level of biofertilizer production have been improved significantly.Organic fertilizer researches not only focus on the conversion of organic nutrients during composting process but also on the technologies improving the composting efficiency and the elimination and control of harmful fac

关 键 词：生物肥料 有机肥料 研究重点 产业化 

分 类 号：S141[农业科学—肥料学] S144[农业科学—农业基础科学]