不同等级男子撑竿跳高运动员助跑及起跳的生物力学特征研究  

Biomechanical characteristics of run-up and takeoff of male elite pole vaulters

作　　者：李夏元 刘飞亮 夏正亮 贾彬彬 马远博 伍勰[1] 刘宇[1] LI Xiayuan;LIU Feiliang;XIA Zhengliang;JIA Binbin;MA Yuanbo;WU Xie;LIU Yu(Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education,Shanghai University of Sport,200438 Shanghai,China;Affiliated School of Elite Sport,Shanghai University of Sport,200237 Shanghai,China;School of Sports Training,Wuhan Sports University,430079 Wuhan,China;Department of Psychology and Neurosciences,Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors,44139 Dortmund,Germany)

机构地区：[1]上海体育学院“运动健身科技”省部共建教育部重点实验室,上海200438 [2]上海体育学院附属竞技体育学校,上海200237 [3]武汉体育学院运动训练学院,武汉430079 [4]莱布尼茨工作环境与人为因素研究中心心理与神经科学系,多特蒙德44139

出　　处：《应用力学学报》2024年第4期956-972,共17页Chinese Journal of Applied Mechanics

基　　金：国家体育总局科技助力奥运工程项目(No.2018HT017)。

摘　　要：目的对不同等级男子撑竿跳高运动员质心速度、质心高度、地面反作用力和下肢关节力矩等生物力学指标的具体表现进行探讨,试图了解不同等级运动员的整体特征,并发现高水平运动员助跑及起跳过渡衔接的特点。方法使用大范围的三维动作捕捉系统以及3块测力台对优秀男子撑竿跳高运动员的运动学(200 Hz)和地面反作用力(2000 Hz)数据进行采集,分析比较了5名一级运动员、4名运动健将和3名国际级运动健将的生物力学指标。对国际级运动健将组、运动健将组和一级运动员组的同一生物力学指标两两之间采用非参数独立样本曼-惠特尼U单侧检验,对所有运动员倒2步、倒1步和起跳相应的生物力学指标两两之间采用非参数配对样本Wilcoxon符号秩单侧检验。结果不同等级撑竿跳高运动员助跑后两步和起跳的质心速度、质心高度、地面反作用力和下肢关节力矩等生物力学指标有显著性差异;倒2步、倒1步、起跳相应的生物力学指标之间有显著性差异。结论基于本研究的数据,男子撑竿跳高运动员表现出随等级而变化的生物力学特点,国际级健将运动员的质心速度、地面反作用力等指标体现了其较高的运动能力。倒2步、倒1步和起跳的质心速度、质心高度和地面反作用力等相应生物力学指标的显著差异反映了撑竿跳高技术动作的衔接特征,体现了撑竿跳高助跑向起跳过渡的运动学和动力学特点。Objective This study aimed to analyze and compare the athlete's center of mass(COM)velocity,COM height,ground reaction force(GRF),and lower limb joint moment of different levels of athletes during pole vault run-up and takeoff,so as to explore the technical characteristics of the transition between run-up and takeoff,which provides reference and help for the training and competition of pole vault.Methods A large-scale three-dimensional(3D)motion capture system(200 Hz)and three force platforms(2000 Hz)were used to collect the kinematics and ground reaction force data of male elite pole vaulters,and five first-class athletes,four master athletes and three international master athletes were analyzed.Mann-Whitney U test was utilized for biomechanical parameters between every two groups within international master athletes,master athletes,and first-class athletes.Wilcoxon signed ranks test was used between every two corresponding biomechanical parameters of the second-to-last step,the last step,and takeoff.Results The athletes'COM velocity,COM height,GRF,and lower limb joint moment showed significant differences between the different level groups of pole vaulters,and the biomechanical parameters of the second-to-last step,the last step,and the takeoff also displayed significant differences.Conclusion Based on the data of this study,the male pole vaulters showed biomechanical characteristics that varied with their levels.The COM velocity and GRF of the international master athletes indicate their higher sports competence.The differences between the biomechanical parameters of the second-to-last step,the last step,and takeoff,including COM velocity,COM height and GRF,might display the technical characteristics of pole vault movement transition,which indicate the kinematic and kinetic transition characteristics of pole vault from run-up to takeoff.

关 键 词：撑竿跳高 运动表现 生物力学 地面反作用力 关节力矩 

分 类 号：G823.2[文化科学—体育训练]