唐代月食占应与唐肃宗张皇后的历史形象建构  

The Divination Bodement of Lunar Eclipse in the Tang Dynasty and the Construction of the Historical Image of Empress Zhang of Suzong of Tang

作　　者：王璐 Wang Lu

机构地区：[1]西北大学历史学院,陕西西安710127

出　　处：《史学月刊》2024年第7期21-33,共13页Journal of Historical Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金重大历史问题研究专项《中国历史上地方治理的实践及启示》(22VLS005)。

摘　　要：正史记载唐肃宗乾元二年二月发生的月食与女主张皇后行为失据相关,但这一解释并不符合当时社会通行的天文观念。在唐人及前代古人知识体系中,“诸侯(大臣)势衰”与“月食修刑”是他们对月食占应更为普遍的认知。肃宗君臣实则选择“月食修刑”的占应逻辑来解释此次月食,借由天象异变惩处施行苛政的李巨,以实现打压玄宗旧臣的政治意图,与张皇后本无关联。代宗诛杀张皇后之后即位,当朝史官篡改月食占应意涵与应验对象,有意塑造张皇后势盛、与肃宗早生嫌隙的历史形象,对代宗统治的正当性与合法性加以缘饰。张皇后并未实际执掌肃宗朝权柄,但是经过历代史官的层累书写,其跋扈专权的历史形象得以固化定型。通过驳正历代史官对张皇后历史形象的层累书写、还原其真实形象,可以启发我们认识到辨析历史文本、解构历史书写的必要性。The official history records that the lunar eclipse occurred in February of the second year of Qianyuan during Emperor Suzong’s reign was related to the improper behavior of Empress Zhang,but this explanation does not conform to the prevailing astronomical concepts of the society at that time.In the knowledge system of the Tang people and the ancients in the previous dynasties,“the decline of the feudal princes(ministers)”and“the revision of penalty during lunar eclipse”are their general understanding of the divination bodement of lunar eclipse.In fact,Suzong and his ministers chose the logic of“the revision of penalty”to explain this lunar eclipse.They used the celestial change to punish Li Ju,who exercised tyranny,so as to achieve their political intention of suppressing the old ministers of Xuanzong,which had nothing to do with Empress Zhang.When Daizong killed Empress Zhang and ascended to the throne,the historiographers tampered with the divination bodement of the lunar eclipse,deliberately creating a bad historical image of Empress Zhang,so as to enhance the legitimacy of Daizong’s rule.As a matter of fact,Empress Zhang did not hold the political power during Suzong’s reign,but with the writing of official historians of successive dynasties,her imperious and autocratic historical image had been solidified.By refuting the cumulative writings of official historians from successive dynasties on the historical image of Empress Zhang,we can be inspired to recognize the necessity of analyzing historical texts and deconstructing historical writing.

关 键 词：月食 天文占应 张皇后 唐肃宗政局 李巨苛政案 历史书写 

分 类 号：K242.1[历史地理—历史学]