不同产量水平麦田植株氮素转运和籽粒氮素积累的差异  

The Differences of Plant Nitrogen Transport and Grain Nitrogen Accumulation in Different Yield Levels of Wheat Field

作　　者：张振 石玉[1] 于振文[1] 张永丽[1] ZHANG Zhen;SHI Yu;YU ZhenWen;ZHANG YongLi(College of Agronomy,Shandong Agricultural University/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology,Ecology and Tillage,Ministry of Agriculture,Taian 271018,Shandong)

机构地区：[1]山东农业大学农学院/农业农村部作物生理生态与耕作重点实验室,山东泰安271018

出　　处：《中国农业科学》2024年第13期2539-2548,共10页Scientia Agricultura Sinica

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(32172114);国家现代农业产业技术体系项目(CARS-03-18);泰山学者工程专项(202211094)。

摘　　要：【目的】提高开花后营养器官氮素转运量和开花后氮素积累量,改善籽粒氮素积累特性,有利于提高小麦氮素积累量和产量。为明确不同产量水平麦田植株氮素利用效率差异形成的生理机制,缩小产量差和提高氮素利用率,实现小麦高产高效生产提供理论依据。【方法】于2020—2022年连续两年在山东省小孟镇史王村进行大田试验,以烟农1212为种植材料,选择常年冬小麦产量水平在10500 kg·hm^(-2)(S)、9000 kg·hm^(-2)(H)和7500 kg·hm^(-2)(M)左右的3个产量水平麦田,比较分析不同产量水平麦田植株氮素积累与转运、籽粒氮素积累特征和籽粒产量的差异。【结果】相较于H和M麦田,S麦田显著提高了单位面积穗数和千粒重,籽粒产量比H、M麦田分别高19.64%—27.91%、51.68%—80.87%,从而获得了最高的氮素吸收效率、氮肥偏生产力和氮素收获指数;S麦田开花期营养器官氮素积累量较H、M麦田分别提高14.22—42.11、53.74—103.16 kg·hm^(-2),成熟期营养器官氮素积累量表现为S、H>M;与H和M麦田相比,S麦田显著提高了开花前营养器官氮素的转运量和开花后氮素积累量,提高了开花后营养器官氮素积累量对籽粒的贡献率,从而获得最高的成熟期籽粒氮素积累量;S麦田显著提高了开花后旗叶游离氨基酸和可溶性蛋白含量,促进了氮素的源库间转运;Logistic方程拟合可知,S麦田显著提高了籽粒氮素最大积累速率和平均积累速率,延长籽粒氮素积累持续时间,是其获得最高籽粒氮素积累量的主要原因。【结论】S麦田适宜的土壤环境显著提高了单位面积穗数和千粒重,有利于促进营养器官贮存氮素向籽粒的转运量,提高籽粒氮素积累速率,延长籽粒氮素积累持续期,是其获得最高籽粒产量和氮肥利用效率的主要原因。【Objective】Improving the nitrogen transport and accumulation of nutrient organs after wheat flowering,as well as improving the nitrogen accumulation characteristics of wheat grains,is beneficial for increasing the nitrogen accumulation and yield of wheat.This study aimed to clarify the physiological mechanisms underlying the differences in nitrogen utilization efficiency among wheat plants at different yield levels,so as to provide a theoretical basis for reducing yield differences and improving nitrogen utilization efficiency and to achieve high yield and efficient production of wheat.【Method】The field experiments were conducted in Shiwang Village,Xiaomeng Town,Shandong Province for two consecutive years from 2020 to 2022.Using Tobacco Farmer 1212 as the planting material,three yield levels of wheat fields with a perennial winter wheat yield of around 10500 kg·hm^(-2)(S),9000 kg·hm^(-2)(H),and 7500 kg·hm^(-2)(M)were selected to compare and analyze the differences in plant nitrogen accumulation and transport,grain nitrogen accumulation characteristics,and grain yield in wheat fields with different yield levels.【Result】Compared with H and M wheat fields,S wheat field significantly increased the number of spikes per unit area and thousand grain weight,with grain yield 19.64%-27.91%and 51.68%-80.87%higher than H and M wheat fields,respectively,resulting in the highest nitrogen absorption efficiency,nitrogen partial productivity and nitrogen harvest index.The nitrogen accumulation in the nutrient organs of S wheat field during the flowering period increased by 14.22-42.11 kg·hm^(-2)and 53.74-103.16 kg·hm^(-2),respectively.The nitrogen accumulation in mature nutrient organs was S,H>M.Compared with H and M wheat fields,S wheat field significantly increased the nitrogen transport of pre flowering nutrient organs and nitrogen accumulation after flowering,and increased the contribution rate of nitrogen accumulation in post flowering nutrient organs to grains,thereby achieving the highest nitrogen accumula

关 键 词：氮素积累 氮素利用 氮素转运 籽粒氮素积累特征 不同产量水平麦田 籽粒产量 小麦 

分 类 号：S512.1[农业科学—作物学]