机器人如何塑造企业技能结构?——兼析机器人技术进步的偏向  

How Does Robot Affect the Skill Structure of Enterprises?An Analysis of the Bias of Robot Technology Progress

作　　者：李小瑛[1,2,3] 张宇平 Li Xiaoying;Zhang Yuping(Institute of Guangdong,Hong Kong and Macao Development Studies,Sun Yat-sen University)

机构地区：[1]中山大学港澳珠江三角洲研究中心 [2]中山大学粤港澳发展研究院,510275 [3]中国统一战线理论研究会港澳和海外统战工作理论广东研究基地,510275

出　　处：《经济评论》2024年第4期53-72,共20页Economic Review

基　　金：教育部人文社会科学重点研究基地重大项目“提升粤港澳大湾区国际竞争力研究”(22JJD790088)的资助。

摘　　要：理解机器人使用对企业技能结构的影响,有助于合理应对生产自动化的劳动力市场冲击,保障劳动力供需匹配。本文基于2021年广东省“企业-员工”匹配调查数据,探讨机器人使用对企业技能结构的潜在影响。结果表明:机器人的使用同时扩大了高、中、低技能劳动者的就业数量,而中技能劳动者的增幅最大,使得企业技能结构出现中等技能极化的现象。究其成因,劳动生产贡献下降、生产规模扩张与生产任务变化是影响技能结构的潜在机制,中等技能极化的现象主要由生产任务变化所导致。更进一步,机器人使用的技能结构效应主要存在于高新技术企业,对不同营业收入规模企业、不同行业企业的技能结构影响各异。此外,中技能劳动者更可能负责专业技术岗位,同时具有较低流动意愿,这是机器人使用带来中等技能极化的重要原因。Understanding the impact of robots on the skill structure of enterprises can help to respond reasonably to the labor market impact of production automation and ensure the matching of employment supply and demand.Based on the 2021 Guangdong Province"Enterprise-Employee"matching survey data,this article explores the potential impact of robot adoption on the skill structure of enterprises.The results indicate that robots will simultaneously expand the employment of high-,medium-,and low-skilled workers,with the largest increase in medium-skilled workers,leading to a polarization of medium-skilled workers in the skill structure of enterprises.The underlying mechanisms affecting skill structure are the decline in labor's production contribution,the expansion of production,and changes in job tasks.The phenomenon of skill polarization is mainly caused by changes in job tasks.Furthermore,the skill structure effect of robots mainly exists in high-tech enterprises,and its impact on the skill structure of enterprises with different revenues and industries varies.In addition,medium-skilled workers are more likely to be responsible for professional technical positions and has a lower willingness to move,which may be an important reason for skill polarization in the introduction of robots.

关 键 词：机器人 生产任务 技能结构 有偏技术进步 

分 类 号：F241[经济管理—劳动经济]