民事诉讼中刑事判决效力的误识与匡正  

Misunderstanding of the effect of criminal judgments in civil litigations and the rectification

作　　者：王睿 Wang Rui(Guanghua School of Law,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310000)

机构地区：[1]浙江大学光华法学院,杭州310000

出　　处：《证据科学》2024年第3期342-355,共14页Evidence Science

基　　金：国家社会科学基金一般项目(20BFX084)阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：作为刑民交叉领域的核心问题,学理界和实务界对民事诉讼中的刑事判决效力认识长期存在误解。来自苏联的预决效力已在我国制度规范中失去适用语境和改造空间;从实体说或程序说出发,都难以证成刑事判决对民事诉讼产生实质既判力的正当性,比较法上亦无有力支撑;诚信原则与禁反言原则并不相同,受程序保障所限刑事判决难以对民事诉讼产生争点效力。刑事判决在民事诉讼中仅发挥两种效力:作为直接证据的判决书主文部分在实体法具体规定情形下产生构成要件效力;作为间接证据的判决书其他部分在证据法具体规定下产生事实证明效力,其本质为公文书效力。“形式证明力→直接证明力→间接证明力”的“三步走”具体认定方法为司法实践提供有益思路。For a long time,the effect of criminal judgments in civil litigations,as a critical issue in the intersection of criminal and civil law,has always been misunderstood by legal scholars and practitioners.In current China,the concept of presumed acceptance of criminal judgements stemming from Former Soviet Union has lost not only the textual basis for application,but also the necessity for further improvement.Neither the substantive due process nor the procedural due process could provide valid reasons to support the presumed acceptance of criminal judgments in civil litigations,not to mention support from the comparative law.Moreover,the principles of good faith and estoppel are not the same.For reasons of the limited procedural safeguards,criminal judgments can hardly be admissible in later civil actions to take effect of issue preclusion.Criminal judgments should have only two effects in civil proceedings.First,the conclusion of the criminal judgment could be used as direct evidence in a later civil suit to have effects on elements proof as subject to the substantive law.Second,the other parts of the criminal judgment could be used as indirect evidence in a later civil suit to have effects on factual proof as subject to the evidence law,and the criminal judgement in such use essentially plays a roll of public records evidence.A three layers analytical framework,which represents a progressive determination from formal probative value,to direct probative value,and finally to indirect probative value,could provide some beneficial clues to judicial practice.

关 键 词：刑民交叉 判决效力 预决效力 构成要件效力 公文书 

分 类 号：D915.13[政治法律—诉讼法学]