论morphology与汉语语言学中的“形态”  

On Morphology and Xingtai(形态)in Chinese Linguistics

作　　者：金立鑫 杨炎华[2] Jin Lixin;Yang Yanhua

机构地区：[1]江苏师范大学,徐州221116 [2]西北大学,西安710126

出　　处：《语言研究集刊》2024年第1期1-20,M0003,共21页Bulletin of Linguistic Studies

摘　　要：morphology是语法研究中的核心概念,尤关语言的词类划分问题。然而,汉语学者对morphology这一术语的理解和使用并不统一。文章梳理了欧美语言学界经典文献中有关morphology概念内涵与外延的历史变化,以及传统主流汉语学者所说的“形态”这一术语的不同来源——欧洲的古典形态类型学和美国结构主义语言学。由于汉语在类型学上的孤立语特征,传统的morphology或者“形态”无法区分汉语的词类,也很难解释汉语的句法关系。方光焘提出的“广义形态”的概念跟朱德熙指出的“形态的本质是语法功能”的观点在本质上一致。文章在前辈研究的基础上修订了广义形态的内涵与外延,它包括汉语中的功能性语素与汉语句法分布上的区别性特征。汉语中的功能性语素在词法层面和句法层面都能发挥其特定功能与作用。广义形态给汉语词类划分问题以及相关语法问题的解释带来了新的答案。As a core concept in the study of grammar,morphology plays an important role in word classification.This paper reviews the diachronic changes in the connotation and denotation of the term morphology in present European and American classical linguistic literature and clarifies the two different origins for the term xingtai(形态)used by traditional mainstream Chinese linguists,namely European Classical Morphological Typology and American Structural Linguistics.These two origins,to a certain extent,have resulted in Chinese linguists'different understandings of the term morphology.Given the isolating property of Chinese,with traditional morphology or xingtai,it's rather dfficult to either classify Chinese words or understand Chinese syntactic relations(word classes serve as one fundamental concept in syntactic analysis).The concept of generalized morphology proposed by Fang Guangtao is essentially consistent with Zhu Dexi's idea that the essence of morphology is grammatical function.Based on previous studies,this paper revises the connotation and denotation of the broad-sense morphology,which includes the Chinese functional bound morphemes and the distinguishing features of Chinese syntactic distribution,of which the former are well functioning in both lexical and syntactical levels.We're hopeful that the broad-sense morphology may help with Chinese word classification as well as other related grammatical issues.

关 键 词：MORPHOLOGY 形态 词法 句法 广义形态 功能性语素 

分 类 号：H146[语言文字—汉语]