公益诉讼程序保障论  

On the Procedural Protection of Public Interest Litigation

作　　者：王福华[1] Wang Fuhua(Shanghai Jiao Tong University Koguan Law School,Shanghai 200030)

机构地区：[1]上海交通大学凯原法学院,上海200030

出　　处：《政法论丛》2024年第4期105-117,共13页Journal of Political Science and Law

基　　金：国家社科基金重大项目“中国特色公益诉讼现代化的理论创新与实现机制研究”(23&ZD164)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：公益诉讼制度中的程序保障具有优位性和指导原理性地位,并因公益相关主体不同而呈现差序性。首先,面向公益原告及被告(公益加害人)的程序保障在公益诉讼中应居于最核心地位,原告的程序保障程度与公益类型及代表模式相关;被告的程序保障应以“妨诉抗辩”和“重复法律评价抗辩”为重点;公益诉讼中居于被告地位的行政机关应得到实质性程序保障,其诉讼权利不应被“非讼化”程序削弱。其次,“公益相关人”受公益诉讼的过程和结果影响,其程序参与权和选择权应得到合理且适当的保护。再次,公益诉讼的过程及其结果借助社会公众的参与而获得正当性,社会公众的诉讼知情权和参与权是公益诉讼结果向社会归责的必要条件。最后,在公益诉讼“国家化”及程序类型多元化的背景下,司法机关的程序保障责任各不相同,检察公益诉讼诉前程序属职权调查程序,检察机关应恪守客观中立原则并承担公益论证义务;公益诉讼审理程序采对抗制结构,法院应充分保障当事人的辩论权、异议权及公正审理请求权;检察机关与法院在公益诉讼协商程序中应加强司法监督,防止公共利益被不当处分。The procedural protection in the public interest litigation system has the position of superiority and guiding principle,and it is different because of the different subjects related to public interest.First of all,the procedural protection for public interest plaintiffs and defendants(public interest offenders)should be the core position in public interest litigation,and the degree of procedural protection for plaintiffs is related to the type and representation model of public interest;The procedural protection of the defendant should focus on the“defense against litigation”and“defense against repeated legal evaluation”.The administrative organs in the position of defendants in public interest litigation should be guaranteed by substantive procedures,and their litigation rights should not be weakened by“non⁃litigious”procedures.Secondly,“public interest parties”are affected by the process and outcome of public interest litigation,and their procedural participation rights and choices should be reasonably and appropriately protected.Thirdly,the process and results of public interest litigation are justified by the participation of the public,and the public’s right to know and participate in litigation is a necessary condition for the results of public interest litigation to be held accountable to the society.Finally,under the background of the“nationalization”of public interest litigation and the diversification of procedure types,the procedural protection responsibilities of judicial organs are different.The pre⁃litigation procedures of procuratorial public interest litigation belong to the ex officio investigation procedure,and procuratorial organs should abide by the principle of objectivity and neutrality and assume the obligation of public interest demonstration.The trial procedure of public interest litigation should adopt adversarial structure,and the court should fully protect the parties’right of debate,right of objection and right of fair trial.Procuratorial organs and courts

关 键 词：公益诉讼 程序保障 公益相关人 诉前程序 公益诉讼立法 

分 类 号：D925[政治法律—诉讼法学]