公共法益与个人法益混同立法例下的刑法解释  

The Interpretation of the Criminal Law under the Legislation Frame with the Confusion of Legally Protected Public Interests and Individual Interests

作　　者：张明楷[1] Zhang Mingkai

机构地区：[1]清华大学

出　　处：《比较法研究》2024年第4期1-18,共18页Journal of Comparative Law

摘　　要：区分公共法益与个人法益,对于妥当确定刑法的保护范围、正确解释犯罪的构成要件、合理判断违法阻却事由具有重要意义。我国刑法分则存在没有合理区分公共法益与个人法益的现象,如将侵犯个人法益的行为规定为对公共法益的犯罪,或者相反。在这种立法例之下,需要妥当确定具体犯罪的保护法益,尤其应当将我国刑法分则第三章、第六章中的部分犯罪补正解释为侵犯个人法益的犯罪,不能在对个人法益的犯罪中添加公共法益内容;应当根据保护法益确定基本犯与加重犯的构成要件要素,不能将公共法益受侵犯的事实解释为对个人法益犯罪的构成要件内容;法益主体对自己的法益具有处分权限,在其同意或承诺放弃该法益时不得以行为侵犯了公共利益或者违反公序良俗为由,否认同意或承诺的有效性。The distinction between legally protected public interests and individual interests plays a crucial role in delineating the boundary of criminal law protection,interpreting the elements of a crime accurately,and assessing valid defenses logically.However,a notable issue arises within the specific provision of the Criminal Law where the differentiation between public and individual interests is blurred,leading to instances where actions infringing on individual rights are classified as crimes against public interests,and vice versa.It is imperative to accurately identify within this legal framework the protected interests in specific crimes,particularly those outlined in Chapter III and Chapter VI of the Criminal law,ensuring that offenses are categorized as violations of individual rights,rather than conflating them with the public interests.The determination of legally protected interests should align with the essential elements of both basic and aggravated crimes,with the infringement of public interests not constituting a component of crimes against individual interests.Furthermore,when an individual with legal disposal rights over their interests consents to or promises to relinquish the said interests,the validity of such consent or promise should not be challenged on the basis of conflicting with public interests or the principle of public order and societal morals.

关 键 词：公共法益 个人法益 构成要件 刑法解释 违法阻却事由 

分 类 号：D924.3[政治法律—刑法学]