行政执法证据转化为刑事证据的制度困境及其破解  

The System Dilemma and Its Solution in the Transformation of Administrative Law Enforcement Evidence into Criminal Evidence

作　　者：张泽涛 Zhang Zetao

机构地区：[1]北京理工大学法学院

出　　处：《比较法研究》2024年第4期118-132,共15页Journal of Comparative Law

基　　金：国家社科基金重点项目“‘行刑’衔接视野下的企业合规研究”(项目编号:22AFX013)的阶段性研究成果。

摘　　要：虽然我国刑事诉讼法明确规定行政执法证据可以在刑事诉讼中使用,但对于证据的种类范围、准入的基本条件、是否受刑事诉讼非法证据排除规则以及行政诉讼非法证据排除规则的规范三大问题,在立法、司法解释以及行政规章中要么存在不一致甚至矛盾之处,要么尚未明确。实践中行政执法证据在刑事诉讼中使用基本上是畅通无阻,由此导致大量借行政执法之名行刑事侦查之实的失范行为;行政执法证据在刑事诉讼中使用,虚置了刑事诉讼非法证据排除规则和行政诉讼非法证据排除规则。立法及司法解释应对上述三大问题予以破解:明确行政执法证据在刑事诉讼中的使用范围包括物证、书证、视听资料、电子数据、鉴定意见、专门性证据、勘验笔录和检查笔录;行政执法证据在刑事诉讼中使用时,符合法律、行政法规的要求是准入的基本条件;按照比例原则健全行政诉讼非法证据排除规则与刑事诉讼非法证据排除规则。行政执法证据在刑事诉讼中使用时,受行政诉讼非法证据排除规则与刑事诉讼非法证据排除规则的双重约束。Although the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China allows the use of administrative law enforcement evidence in criminal proceedings,several major issues concerning the type of evidence,access conditions,and applicability of the exclusionary rule remain unsolved.Inconsistencies,contradictions and ambiguities across legislative interpretations,judicial rulings and administrative regulations further complicate the matter.The unrestricted use of administrative law enforcement evidence in criminal proceedings has led to numerous abuses,blurring the lines between the criminal investigations and administrative law enforcement activities.This practice disregards the exclusionary rule for illegal evidence in both criminal and administrative proceedings.Resolving these challenges requires legislative and judicial clarity:Firstly,a defined scope of administrative law enforcement evidence in criminal proceedings should include physical evidence,documents,audio and visual materials,electronic data,expert opinions,specialized evidence,and inspection reports.Secondly,adherence to administrative laws and regulations must serve as the fundamental requirement for accessing such evidence in criminal proceedings.Thirdly,improving the application of exclusionary rule for illegal evidence in administrative and criminal proceedings based on the principle of proportionality is essential.When incorporating administrative law enforcement evidence in criminal proceedings,it should be subject to the exclusionary rule applied in both administrative and criminal proceedings.

关 键 词：种类范围 基本条件 行政诉讼非法证据排除规则 刑事诉讼非法证据排除规则 

分 类 号：D925.2[政治法律—诉讼法学] D922.1[政治法律—法学]