少突胶质前体细胞在神经发育及疾病中的作用  

The Role of Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cells in Neurodevelopment and Disease

作　　者：王银峰 陈文利[2] 罗富成 WANG Yin-Feng;CHEN Wen-Li;LUO Fu-Cheng(State Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research,Institute of Primate Translational Medicine,Kunming University of Science and Technology,Kunming 650500,China;Department of Neurology,Yunnan First People’s Hospital,Kunming 650032,China)

机构地区：[1]昆明理工大学灵长类转化医学研究院,省部共建非人灵长类生物医学国家重点实验室,昆明650500 [2]云南省第一人民医院神经内科,昆明650032

出　　处：《生物化学与生物物理进展》2024年第8期1809-1821,共13页Progress In Biochemistry and Biophysics

基　　金：国家自然科学基金(82371578);云南省基础研究计划(202301AT070412);云南省科技厅-昆明医科大学应用基础研究联合专项(202101AY070001-237)资助。

摘　　要：少突胶质前体细胞(oligodendrocyte precursor cell,OPC)是中枢神经系统(central nervous system,CNS)中普遍存在的胶质细胞,参与维持正常神经功能并在多种疾病中发挥重要作用。OPC功能异常在多种疾病中均有观察,包括多发性硬化症、阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病以及精神障碍。这些细胞不仅可以分化为少突胶质细胞(oligodendrocyte,OL),形成髓鞘,发挥保护轴突和加速电信号传导等关键作用,还参与调节神经发育、神经环路形成以及神经可塑性,对环境因素做出响应,与神经系统疾病密切相关。OPC同时呈现显著的异质性,受到发育程序、刺激特异性的细胞反应、CNS位置、细胞间相互作用和其他调控机制的影响。本文全面综述了OPC的起源、增殖、迁移、分化等多个方面,以及其在神经发育和神经系统疾病中的关键作用。深入了解OPC的生物学功能和临床意义有助于更好地理解神经系统发育及其疾病机制,为神经系统疾病的治疗提供新的思路和策略。Oligodendrocyte precursor cells(OPCs)represent the fourth major cell type within the central nervous system(CNS),ubiquitous beyond neurons,astrocytes,and microglia,constituting 5%-8%of the total cell population.They exhibit widespread distribution throughout the central nervous system,including brain,spinal cord,and optic nerve.OPCs showcase distinct protein expression,featuring platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha(PDGFRα),neural/glial antigen 2(NG2),SRY-related HMG-box protein 10(Sox10),and oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2(Olig2),endowing them with robust proliferation and migration capabilities.This capacity persists into adulthood and even later stages,contributing to the maintenance of normal neurological functions such as learning,memory,and sleep,while playing crucial roles in various neurological disorders.OPCs also display significant heterogeneity,influenced by developmental programs,stimulus-specific cellular responses,CNS locations,cell-cell interactions,and other regulatory mechanisms.Dysregulation of OPC function has been observed in various diseases,including multiple sclerosis,Alzheimer’s disease,Parkinson’s disease,amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,Pelizaeus-Merzbacher disease,as well as psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia,depression,emotional disorders,and autism spectrum disorders.In addition to differentiating into oligodendrocytes to form myelin sheaths and supporting axonal protection,fast signal transmission,and metabolic support,OPCs actively participate in regulating neural development,circuit formation,and neural plasticity.They respond to environmental factors and are closely associated with neurological disorders.This comprehensive exploration of OPCs delves into their development,functional diversity,and associations with neurological disorders.Firstly,the article introduces the complex regulatory mechanisms of OPCs during embryonic development,encompassing transcription factors,chromatin regulatory factors,post-translational modifications of proteins,microRNA,a

关 键 词：少突胶质前体细胞 髓鞘 神经炎症 神经可塑性 神经退行性疾病 精神疾病 

分 类 号：R741[医药卫生—神经病学与精神病学] Q189[医药卫生—临床医学]