质料先天与人格养成:郭象成圣观对孟、荀的吸纳与转化  

Innate Personality and Personality Cultivation:Guo Xiang's Absorption and Transformation of the View of Sage of Mencius and Xunzi

作　　者：罗彩 LUO Cai(College of Marxism,Guangdong University of Technology,Guangzhou 510520,China)

机构地区：[1]广东工业大学马克思主义学院,广东广州510520

出　　处：《吉首大学学报（社会科学版）》2024年第4期75-83,共9页Journal of Jishou University(Social Sciences)

基　　金：国家社会科学基金资助项目(20FZXB069)。

摘　　要：中国文化自古就形成了以圣人为理想人格追求的传统。孟、荀以圣凡在先天人性上的同质性强调人人皆可通过后天“克己复礼”修养功夫来实现“成仁成圣”,即“圣人可学可至”。郭象吸纳了孟、荀“天生人成”的观点,但他强调圣凡在先天人性上的异质性,并将孟、荀人性论上的“圣凡一涂”转化为境界论上的“圣凡足性”,即“圣人不可学不可至”。郭象的成圣观一方面为维护当时的社会等级秩序突出“圣凡异质”下的“圣凡之分”,另一方面又强调圣凡皆可通过后天“习”之过程开显“性分”以实现各自“足性”逍遥来弱化等级之间的对立,这为当时社会秩序的重建及个人身心的安顿提供了一套理论方案。郭象的成圣观在重视后天人格养成上继承了先秦儒家重教的“内圣学”之道德理想,他与孟、荀在对主体性的认同、欲望的淡薄态度及注重内在精神的体悟等方面有契合之处,只是其在具体路径上借鉴了道家“无心”的功夫论与“齐物”以“逍遥”的境界论。整体看,郭象借鉴并发展了孟、荀的成圣观,二者之异在于“圣凡异质”与“圣凡同质”以及“凡不可成圣”与“凡可成圣”;二者之同在于都强调后天道德教化或“习”在个体追求道德生活境界及社会达至和谐稳定秩序上的重要性。Chinese culture has formed a tradition of pursuing sage as the ideal personality since ancient times.Based on the homogeneity of sages in innate personality,Mencius andXunzi emphasized that everyone can be"a righteous man or a sage"through"self-discipline and submitting to ritual"after birth,that is,"one can learn to be a sage".Guo Xiang absorbed the view of"innate personality"of Mencius and Xunzi;however,he emphasized the heterogeneity of innate personality between a sage and a mortal,and transformed their views into one that"a sages cannot be learned to be".On the one hand,Guo Xiang's view of sage emphasized the"distinction of a sage and a mortal"under the"heterogeneity of a sage and a mortal"in order to maintain the social order at that time,and on the other hand,he emphasized that a sage and a mortal can reveal their"distinction"through later"learning",so as to weaken the class distinction.This provided a theory for the reconstruction of social order and the settlement of an individual.Guo Xiang's view of sage inherited the moral ideal of"inner sage"taught by the Confucians in the pre-Qin period in the aspect of attaching importance to the cultivation of acquired personality.Guo Xiang had some similarities with Mencius and Xunzi in the aspects of recognition of subjectivity,weak attitude towards desire and emphasis on the understanding of inner spirit.However,in the specific path,he learned from the"full integration of mind and matter"of Taoism and the"equalizing things"and"free and unfettered"realm theory.On the whole,Guo Xiang learned from and developed Mencius and Xunzi's views of sage.The differences between them lie in that"a sage and a mortal are heterogeneous"and"a sage and a mortal are homogeneous",and also in that"one can learn to be a sage"and"a sages cannot be learned to be".Both emphasize the importance of acquired moral education or"practice"in the pursuit of moral life and the achievement of a harmonious and stable social order.

关 键 词：郭象 孟子 荀子 成圣观 天生人成 

分 类 号：B235.6[哲学宗教—中国哲学]