明清时期世袭家族谱牒与家族变迁——以云南蒙化左氏谱牒为例  

Genealogy of Hereditary Families and Family Changes in Ming and Qing Dynasties——A Study on the Genealogy of ZUO Family in Menghua of Yunnan

作　　者：罗勇 LUO Yong

机构地区：[1]大理大学民族文化研究院,云南大理671003

出　　处：《思想战线》2024年第4期73-81,共9页Thinking

基　　金：国家社科基金一般项目《明代西南边疆治理体系圈层结构研究》(21BZS117)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：在明代军户世袭制度和明清土官世袭制度下形成的世袭家族的谱牒有三种形式,一是记录历任世袭官员功绩履历的亲供状,二是在职官员子侄宗图,三是包括所有或某一支系世系的族谱。云南蒙化左氏是明清时期的世袭土官家族,明正德时期的《蒙化左氏家谱》以及清代的《蒙化左土官记事》均属于亲供状,记载了历任土官的功绩,均为应袭土官请袭所用,其目的在于确定应袭土官的顺序,维系应袭嫡长子的身份地位;清乾隆时期的《蒙化左族家谱》则由庶子倡修,是包括所有支系的族谱,是响应“笃宗族以昭壅睦”的结果。左氏有家庙、私祠和专祠,也支持修建佛寺。家庙是明嘉靖以前在职土官供奉四代祖先的场所,私祠是嘉靖以后左氏供奉始祖和历代祖先的场所,专祠是崇祯时期供奉庶子左重、左廷皋父子的官祠。左氏在明成化时修建寺庙,供奉亡人香火,随着私祠的出现,家庙渐废,私祠与佛寺合为一体。到清乾隆时私祠亦荒废,专祠变成家族祠堂。这些现象反映了在明清制度变化的背景下,嫡长子享受世官世禄、为祖先带来朝廷恩典的特权受到挑战,庶子亦可以通过科举进入仕途,为祖先带来封赠,进而提高社会地位。蒙化左氏谱牒所反映的家族变化,也出现在卫所军官家族的谱牒中,反映了在明清制度变化背景下世袭家族嫡长子与庶子身份地位的变化。Three genealogical forms of hereditary families prevailed against the backdrop of the hereditary system of military households in Ming Dynasty and the hereditary system of local officials in Ming and Qing Dynasties.One is“Qin’gong Document”,a record of the merits and achievements of hereditary officials;the second is“Zizhi Document”,a record of the incumbents;and the third is the genealogy including all or a lineage of the hereditary families.The ZUO family in Menghua of Yunnan was a local hereditary family in Ming and Qing dynasties.The Genealogy of ZUO Family in Menghua and The Record of Official ZUO in Menghua,two“Qin’gong Documents”in Ming Dynasty,recorded the merits and achievements of the successive local officials within the family and were used by the heirs to ask for hereditary.The purpose of both documents is to determine the order of succession and to maintain the status of the first-born sons.During the reign of Emperor Qianlong in Qing Dynasty,The Genealogy of ZUO Family in Menghua,complied by the son of a concubine,recorded all lineages of the family in response to implementing the Imperial Edict.The ZUO family has built family temples,private shrines,dedicated shrines,and supported the building of Buddhist temples as well.The family temple was a place for the incumbents to worship the four generations of ancestors before the period of Emperor Jiajing in Ming Dynasty.The private shrine was a place for worshipping the founder and successive generations of ancestors after Emperpor Jiajing.And the dedicated shrine,built in the period of Emperor Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty,was an official ancestral temple dedicated to ZUO Chong and ZUO Tinggao,the father and son of a concubine.The ZUO family started to build Buddhist temples in the period of Emperor Chenghua in Ming Dynasty to offer incense to the dead.The family temples were then deserted with the emergence of private shrines,which were merged with the Buddhist temples.When it came to the period of Emperor Qianlong in Qing Dynasty,the pri

关 键 词：世袭家族 族谱 云南 明清时期 

分 类 号：K289[历史地理—历史学]