仁治与无治:梁启超论儒家与道家政治思想  

Benevolent Governance and Anarchism:Discussion on Confucianism and Taoism's Political Thought by Liang Qichao

作　　者：蔡杰[1] CAI Jie

机构地区：[1]山东大学儒家文明省部共建协同创新中心、儒学高等研究院,济南250100

出　　处：《孔子研究》2024年第4期68-81,158,159,共16页Confucius Studies

摘　　要：梁启超在游历欧洲归国之后,对中国传统治道作了一番检视,主要集中在先秦诸子学派。梁启超提出无治主义、礼治主义、人治主义、法治主义,分梳先秦道家、儒家、墨家、法家的治道思想。儒家治道以人治主义为基础,并以礼治主义为补充。梁启超认为,儒家治道的根本在于仁,他将仁理解为同体意识或感通之心,是维系共同体的根本。儒家治道拥有目的论维度,旨在通过礼乐教化的方式,提升国民人格,使之凝聚成朝向繁荣的社会共同体。道家治道是无治主义,不同于儒家以人为中心,道家是以自然为中心,拒斥政府的干涉。梁启超主要是以无为理解自然,并将无为追溯到无私无欲,然而梁启超就此提出道家思想的一处矛盾,即无为的悖论问题,并表示出对道家治道的批评和不满。梁启超的论断虽有独到之处,但也有不足,例如忽略了儒家天治主义的超越维度,再如对道家治道的批评可能有失公允。但梁启超旨在阐发永恒的治道真理,将目光重新投向中国传统治道,为现代中国谋求新的出路,体现了对中华优秀传统文化的自信。After returning from his travels in Europe,Liang Qichao conducted an examination of traditional Chinese governance,mainly focusing on the pre-Qin school of thought.Liang Qichao proposed the anarchism,ritualism,rule of man,and rule of law,and categorized the governance ideas of Taoism,Confucianism,Mohism,and Legalism.The Confucian governance is based on the principle of governing by man and supplemented by the principle of governing by ritual.Liang Qichao believed that the root of Confucian governance lies in benevolence.He understood benevolence as a sense of empathy,which is the foundation for maintaining a community.The Confucian governance has a teleological dimension,aimed at enhancing the national character through the education of ritual and music,and consolidating it into a prosperous social community.Taoist governance is anarchism,different from Confucianism which centers on human beings.Taoism is centered on nature and rejects government intervention.Liang Qichao mainly understood nature through inaction and traced it back to selflessness and lack of desire.However,Liang Qichao raised a contradiction in Taoist thought,namely the paradox of inaction,and expressed criticism and dissatisfaction with Taoist governance.Although Liang Qichao's argument has originality,it also has shortcomings,such as neglecting the transcendent dimension of Confucianism's rule of the Heaven,and possibly unfair criticism of Taoist governance.But Liang Qichao's aim is to elucidate the eternal truth of governance,refocus his attention on traditional Chinese governance,and seek new ways out for modern China,which actually reflects his confidence in the excellent Chinese traditional culture.

关 键 词：梁启超 儒家 道家 仁治 礼治 无治 

分 类 号：B259.1[哲学宗教—中国哲学]