中国式现代化视域下民事诉权的反思与重塑  

Reflection and Reshaping of Civil Action Right under the Chinese Modernization

作　　者：任重[1] Ren Zhong

机构地区：[1]清华大学法学院

出　　处：《中国法学》2024年第4期208-228,共21页China Legal Science

基　　金：2022年度国家社科基金重大项目“民法典与民事诉讼法的协同实施研究”(项目批准号:22&ZD206)的阶段性成果。

摘　　要：诉权是我国民事诉讼现代化的原点和主线。1982年《民事诉讼法(试行)》建立起扁平化的起诉条件,这不仅动摇了起诉权的权利属性,使民事诉权向私法诉权模式偏移,而且在结果上筑高起诉门槛,引发“起诉难”。2014年《中共中央关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定》为民事诉权的深刻变革提供了基本思路与科学方法,即将扁平化的起诉条件重塑为阶层化的诉权要件。起诉行为成立要件(第一层)和起诉权构成要件(第二层)实质简化了起诉条件,大幅降低起诉门槛,也为立案登记制改革的再深化提供了理论基础;判决请求权构成要件(第三层)和胜诉权构成要件(第四层)彰显出开庭审理对诉权保障的决定性作用。为有效应对案件数量激增和诉权滥用问题,还应建立健全配套机制,以实现民事诉权的中国式现代化。The right of action is the starting point and main line of the modernization of civil procedure in China.The Civil Procedure Law of 1982(for Trial Implementation)has shifted to establishing more flatted requirements to sue.This has not only obscured the nature of the right to sue,and shifted the civil action right to the mode of private law right of action,but also built up a high threshold of bringing a lawsuit,resulting in the phenomenon of‘hard to sue'.The CPC Central Committee's Resolution on Certain Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Advancing the Law-Based Governance of China of 2014 provides the basic idea and scientific method for the profound change of the civil action right,which means to reshape the flattened requirements to sue into the hierarchical elements of the right of action.Among them,the requirements of the action of bringing a lawsuit(the first level)and the elements of the right to sue(the second level)essentially simplify the requirements to sue and significantly reduce the threshold of bringing a lawsuit,which provides a theoretical basis for the further reform of the case registration system;the elements of the right to request a judgment(the third level)and the elements of the right to win a lawsuit(the fourth level)highlight the decisive role of the trial in safeguarding the right of action.In order to effectively deal with the problem of caseload surge and abuse of right of action,a supporting mechanism should be established and promoted to achieve the Chinese modernization of the civil action right.

关 键 词：民事诉权 中国式现代化 起诉权 胜诉权 立案登记制 

分 类 号：D925.1[政治法律—诉讼法学]