教育制度如何释放人性之善?——论制度与人性的良性互动  

How Can Educational Institutions Unleash Human Goodness?——On the Positive Interaction between Instituions and Human Nature

作　　者：程红艳[1] CHENG Hongyan(School of Education,Central China Normal University,Wuhan,430079,China;Institute of Moral Education,Central China Normal University,Wuhan,430079,China)

机构地区：[1]华中师范大学教育学院、道德教育研究所,武汉430079

出　　处：《全球教育展望》2024年第7期13-26,共14页Global Education

基　　金：国家社会科学基金“十四五”规划2022年度教育学重大课题“十八大以来社会主义核心价值观教育的主要经验与深化机制研究”(课题批准号:VAA220001)的研究成果。

摘　　要：人具有社会性和利己性两重属性,制度对于人性二重性中利他或利己行为偏好的引导、对于人性善恶表现的再塑造具有不容小觑的杠杆作用。制度既可保护人的自主性和抑制人的投机性,也可逐渐凌驾于人性之上,产生对于人性善的压抑作用。对于制度的过分信任与过度倚重,可能致使制度异化,为人的理性所构建的教育制度变成了主体,人反而成为教育制度作用与塑造的被动客体。教育制度异化使得制度保障正义和提升效率的双重价值诉求均无法实现。当前教育制度异化主要表现为制度严苛、制度繁密、制度僵滞、制度阻断等。要突破教育制度局限性和防止教育制度异化,其突破口在于建立制度与人性互动的良好机制。一方面,制度要与人的天性合作,人是有良知、追求自由和意义感的动物,制度不可违拗人的自由属性,过度压抑人的主体性,而要释放人性之善;另一方面,制度要善于利用人的合作、利他等社会属性,为社会合作创造条件,促进制度的合理化与社会利益的最大化。只有让人成为制度的主体,让制度为保护人的尊严、尊重人的情感、激发人的主体性和优化人的社会合作而服务,教育制度现代化的目标才能实现。Human beings have both social and selfinterested attributes.Institutions play a significant role in guiding altruistic or selfinterested behavior preferences and reshaping the expression of good and evil in human nature.Institutions can protect human autonomy and inhibit opportunistic behavior,but they can also gradually override human nature,potentially suppressing its benevolent aspects.Overreliance and excessive trust in institutions may lead to the alienation of institutions,transforming educational systems created by human rationality into dominant entities,with individuals becoming passive subjects shaped by these systems.This alienation prevents the dual value pursuit of institutional justice and efficiency from being realized.The current alienation of educational institutions is mainly manifested in their strictness,complexity,rigidity,and obstructiveness.To overcome the limitations and prevent the alienation,it is crucial to establish a good mechanism for the interaction between institutions and human nature.On the one hand,institutions should collaborate with human nature,recognizing that humans are beings with conscience who pursue freedom and a sense of meaning.Institutions should not violate human freedom,excessively suppress human subjectivity,but rather release the benevolent aspects of human nature.On the other hand,institutions should leverage human attributes such as cooperation and altruism to create conditions for social cooperation,promoting institutional rationalization and maximizing social benefits.The goal of modernizing educational institutions can only be achieved if people become the primary subjects of institutions,and if institutions serve to protect human dignity,respect human emotions,stimulate human agency,and optimize human social cooperation.

关 键 词：教育制度 合法性 人性 主体性 制度异化 

分 类 号：G40[文化科学—教育学原理]