自然神论、泛神论与道德神论之比较——试论一种广义的自然宗教  

A Comparison of Deism,Pantheism and Moral Theology:On a General Nature Religion

作　　者：双修海 SHUANG Xiuhai(School of Marxism,Dongguan University of Technology,Dongguan 523808,China)

机构地区：[1]东莞理工学院马克思主义学院,广东东莞523808

出　　处：《东莞理工学院学报》2024年第4期9-16,共8页Journal of Dongguan University of Technology

基　　金：广东省哲学社会科学规划青年项目“心身问题的功能主义进路研究”(GD20YZX02)。

摘　　要：自然宗教与自然科学非但不冲突,反而是密切相关的,自然宗教是在自然神论和泛神论的基石上发展起来的。自然神论把上帝置于世界之外或之上,认为它创造物质世界及其规律之后便撒手不管。这种观点虽然缓和了宗教和科学之间的对立,却也一度使人的幸福和自由如何实现的道德问题变得颇为棘手。为此,斯宾诺莎的泛神论对自然神论进行改造:一方面将上帝等同于物质世界及其规律本身;另一方面凸出上帝在道德引导或伦理规范方面的作用。然而,康德却反对斯宾诺莎的泛神论和自然神论,主张用道德神论取而代之。康德并未彻底推翻自然神论,他反对自然神论的理由值得商榷,并且其道德神论与自然神论是并行不悖的,二者可纳入广义的自然宗教,而广义自然宗教在一定程度上是向斯宾诺莎泛神论的回归。Natural religion and natural science are not in conflict,but are closely related.Natural religion is developed on the basis of deism and pantheism.Deism puts God outside or above the world,thinking that it created the material world and its laws and then left it alone.Although this view eased the confrontation between religion and science,it also made the moral issue of how to achieve happiness and freedom become difficult.Spinoza’s pantheism transforms deism in two aspects:First,it equates God with the material world and its laws itself;Second,it strengthens its role in moral guidance or ethical norm.However,Kant opposed Spinoza’s pantheism and deism,and advocated to replace it with moral theology.Kant did not completely defeat deism.His reasons for opposing deism are debatable,and his moral theology and deism are in parallel,can be included in a general natural religion.To a certain extent,the general natural religion is a return to Spinoza’s pantheism.

关 键 词：斯宾诺莎 康德 自然神论 泛神论 道德神论 

分 类 号：D502.31[政治法律—政治学]